The Role of Physiotherapy in Peripheral Artery Disease in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review

Diabetes mellitus (DM) comprises a spectrum of metabolic disorders distinguished by the persistent elevation of glucose levels in the bloodstream. It stands as a primary risk factor for peripheral arterial disease (PAD), denoted by atherosclerosis affecting the lower extremities. One clinical manifestation of symptomatic PAD is intermittent claudication alleviated by rest but also capable of presenting as atypical leg pain. Confirmatory diagnostic measures, including the ankle-brachial index (ABI), toe-brachial index (TBI), or Doppler waveform analysis, are imperative in the verification of PAD. For management, the recommendation is to incorporate physiotherapy alongside concurrent medical interventions, such as anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, statins, or, in certain cases, surgical procedures. This narrative review seeks to elucidate the advantages of physiotherapy in diabetic patients with PAD, contributing to the deceleration of disease progression and improving symptoms. Although supervised exercise therapy is strongly supported by empirical evidence as more beneficial, the absence of supervised environments is a common issue. Consequently, the preference lies in the combination of supervised exercise with home-based regimens. The objective is that each patient exercises for more than three days per week, progressively extending their duration weekly. This approach has demonstrated a noteworthy enhancement in walking functionality, exercise tolerance, pain alleviation, and an overall improvement in the quality of life for patients.