Are volatile methylsiloxanes in downcycled tire microplastics? Levels and human exposure estimation in synthetic turf football fields

Downcycled rubber, derived from end-of-life tires (ELTs), is frequently applied as crumb rubber (CR) as infill of synthetic turf in sports facilities. This practice has been questioned in recent years as numerous studies have reported the presence of potentially hazardous chemicals in this material....

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Veröffentlicht in:Environmental science and pollution research international 2024-02, Vol.31 (8), p.11950-11967
Hauptverfasser: Ferreira, Tiago, Homem, Vera, Cereceda-Balic, Francisco, Fadic, Ximena, Alves, Arminda, Ratola, Nuno
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container_issue 8
container_start_page 11950
container_title Environmental science and pollution research international
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creator Ferreira, Tiago
Homem, Vera
Cereceda-Balic, Francisco
Fadic, Ximena
Alves, Arminda
Ratola, Nuno
description Downcycled rubber, derived from end-of-life tires (ELTs), is frequently applied as crumb rubber (CR) as infill of synthetic turf in sports facilities. This practice has been questioned in recent years as numerous studies have reported the presence of potentially hazardous chemicals in this material. CR particles fall into the category of microplastics (MPs), making them possible vectors for emerging micropollutants. A preliminary study where volatile methylsiloxanes (VMSs) were found in CR originated the hypothesis that VMSs are present in this material worldwide. Consequently, the present work evaluates for the first time the levels and trends of seven VMSs in CR from synthetic turf football fields, while attempting to identify the main sources and impacts of these chemicals. A total of 135 CR samples and 12 other of alternative materials were analyzed, employing an ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid-phase extraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and the presence of VMSs was confirmed in all samples, in total concentrations ranging from 1.60 to 5089 ng.g −1 . The levels were higher in commercial CR (before field application), a reflection of the use of VMS-containing additives in tire production and/or the degradation of silicone polymers employed in vehicles. The VMSs generally decreased over time on the turf, as expected given their volatile nature and the wearing of the material. Finally, the human exposure doses to VMSs in CR (by dermal absorption and ingestion) for people in contact with synthetic turf in football fields were negligible (maximum total exposure of 20.5 ng.kg BW −1 .year −1 ) in comparison with the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) reference doses: 1.35 × 10 9  ng.kg BW −1 .year −1 for D4 and 1.83 × 10 9  ng.kg BW −1 .year −1 for D5. Nevertheless, more knowledge on exposure through inhalation and the combined effects of all substances is necessary to provide further corroboration. This work proved the presence of VMSs in CR from ELTs, another family of chemical of concern to take into account when studying MPs as vectors of other contaminants.
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source MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings
subjects Additives
Aquatic Pollution
Artificial turf
Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution
Chemicals
Contaminants
Dermal absorption
Earth and Environmental Science
Ecotoxicology
End of life
Environment
Environmental Chemistry
Environmental Exposure - analysis
Environmental Health
Exposure
Football
Gas chromatography
Hazardous materials
Humans
Ingestion
Inhalation
Mass spectrometry
Mass spectroscopy
Microplastics
Plastic pollution
Plastics
Polymers
Research Article
Respiration
Rubber
Rubber - chemistry
Silicones
Solid phases
Sports complexes
Tires
Turf
Waste Water Technology
Water Management
Water Pollution Control
title Are volatile methylsiloxanes in downcycled tire microplastics? Levels and human exposure estimation in synthetic turf football fields
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