Injury Risk for the Hand and Forearm Under Loading Representative of Behind Shield Blunt Trauma
Ballistic shields protect users from a variety of threats, including projectiles. Shield back-face deformation (BFD) is the result of the shield absorbing energy from a projectile and deforming towards the user. Back-face deformation can result in localized blunt loading to the upper extremity, wher...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Annals of biomedical engineering 2024-03, Vol.52 (3), p.707-718 |
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| creator | de Lange, J. E. Burrows, L. Wadera, A. Quenneville, C. E. |
| description | Ballistic shields protect users from a variety of threats, including projectiles. Shield back-face deformation (BFD) is the result of the shield absorbing energy from a projectile and deforming towards the user. Back-face deformation can result in localized blunt loading to the upper extremity, where the shield is supported by the user and may cause injury through behind armour blunt trauma (BABT) mechanisms. Post-mortem human subject (PMHS) responses are critical to identify the injury risk in these high-rate scenarios and are used to quantify the injury tolerance. Two vulnerable locations along the upper extremity were investigated—the hand and forearm—using eight PMHS to identify the fracture threshold resulting from shield BABT loading conditions. Impacts delivered to the hand at 16.4 ± 0.8 m/s resulted in failure loads of 3818 ± 897 N, whilst the forearm impacts delivered at a similar velocity of 16.9 ± 1.9 m/s had lower failure loads at 3011 ± 656 N. The corresponding 10% risk of hand and forearm fractures (as measured on a modified WorldSID Anthropomorphic Test Device) were identified as 11.0 kN and 8.1 kN, respectively, which should be used when evaluating future designs of composite ballistic shields. This study is the first known investigation of the upper extremity to this high loading rate scenario and provides the foundation for future biomechanical research in the area of behind shield blunt trauma. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s10439-023-03418-4 |
| format | Article |
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Impacts delivered to the hand at 16.4 ± 0.8 m/s resulted in failure loads of 3818 ± 897 N, whilst the forearm impacts delivered at a similar velocity of 16.9 ± 1.9 m/s had lower failure loads at 3011 ± 656 N. The corresponding 10% risk of hand and forearm fractures (as measured on a modified WorldSID Anthropomorphic Test Device) were identified as 11.0 kN and 8.1 kN, respectively, which should be used when evaluating future designs of composite ballistic shields. This study is the first known investigation of the upper extremity to this high loading rate scenario and provides the foundation for future biomechanical research in the area of behind shield blunt trauma.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0090-6964</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1573-9686</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03418-4</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38127287</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Biochemistry ; Biological and Medical Physics ; Biomechanics ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering ; Biomedicine ; Biophysics ; Cadaver ; Classical Mechanics ; Energy absorption ; Forearm ; Fractures ; Fractures, Bone ; Health risks ; Humans ; Injuries ; Load distribution ; Loading rate ; Original Article ; Projectiles ; Protective Devices ; Risk ; Shields ; Trauma ; Wounds, Nonpenetrating</subject><ispartof>Annals of biomedical engineering, 2024-03, Vol.52 (3), p.707-718</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Biomedical Engineering Society 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><rights>2023. 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E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Burrows, L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wadera, A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Quenneville, C. E.</creatorcontrib><title>Injury Risk for the Hand and Forearm Under Loading Representative of Behind Shield Blunt Trauma</title><title>Annals of biomedical engineering</title><addtitle>Ann Biomed Eng</addtitle><addtitle>Ann Biomed Eng</addtitle><description>Ballistic shields protect users from a variety of threats, including projectiles. Shield back-face deformation (BFD) is the result of the shield absorbing energy from a projectile and deforming towards the user. Back-face deformation can result in localized blunt loading to the upper extremity, where the shield is supported by the user and may cause injury through behind armour blunt trauma (BABT) mechanisms. Post-mortem human subject (PMHS) responses are critical to identify the injury risk in these high-rate scenarios and are used to quantify the injury tolerance. Two vulnerable locations along the upper extremity were investigated—the hand and forearm—using eight PMHS to identify the fracture threshold resulting from shield BABT loading conditions. Impacts delivered to the hand at 16.4 ± 0.8 m/s resulted in failure loads of 3818 ± 897 N, whilst the forearm impacts delivered at a similar velocity of 16.9 ± 1.9 m/s had lower failure loads at 3011 ± 656 N. The corresponding 10% risk of hand and forearm fractures (as measured on a modified WorldSID Anthropomorphic Test Device) were identified as 11.0 kN and 8.1 kN, respectively, which should be used when evaluating future designs of composite ballistic shields. 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E.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c326t-5c96abcae15032d59a5ba860bc7dfa9b6753d2e044e45fb75612eb08d91ef14b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Biochemistry</topic><topic>Biological and Medical Physics</topic><topic>Biomechanics</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering</topic><topic>Biomedicine</topic><topic>Biophysics</topic><topic>Cadaver</topic><topic>Classical Mechanics</topic><topic>Energy absorption</topic><topic>Forearm</topic><topic>Fractures</topic><topic>Fractures, Bone</topic><topic>Health risks</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Injuries</topic><topic>Load distribution</topic><topic>Loading rate</topic><topic>Original Article</topic><topic>Projectiles</topic><topic>Protective Devices</topic><topic>Risk</topic><topic>Shields</topic><topic>Trauma</topic><topic>Wounds, Nonpenetrating</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>de Lange, J. 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Post-mortem human subject (PMHS) responses are critical to identify the injury risk in these high-rate scenarios and are used to quantify the injury tolerance. Two vulnerable locations along the upper extremity were investigated—the hand and forearm—using eight PMHS to identify the fracture threshold resulting from shield BABT loading conditions. Impacts delivered to the hand at 16.4 ± 0.8 m/s resulted in failure loads of 3818 ± 897 N, whilst the forearm impacts delivered at a similar velocity of 16.9 ± 1.9 m/s had lower failure loads at 3011 ± 656 N. The corresponding 10% risk of hand and forearm fractures (as measured on a modified WorldSID Anthropomorphic Test Device) were identified as 11.0 kN and 8.1 kN, respectively, which should be used when evaluating future designs of composite ballistic shields. 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| subjects | Biochemistry Biological and Medical Physics Biomechanics Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering Biomedicine Biophysics Cadaver Classical Mechanics Energy absorption Forearm Fractures Fractures, Bone Health risks Humans Injuries Load distribution Loading rate Original Article Projectiles Protective Devices Risk Shields Trauma Wounds, Nonpenetrating |
| title | Injury Risk for the Hand and Forearm Under Loading Representative of Behind Shield Blunt Trauma |
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