Tattoo inks: evaluation of cellular responses and analysis of some trace metals
After tattoo application, inks remain in the skin, mostly in the dermal layer, and manufacturers use inks that have not been adequately evaluated for safety in tattoo production. In this study, the metal contents (Cd, Hg, Pb, and Cr) of tattoo inks available in the Turkish market were determined and...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Biometals 2024-04, Vol.37 (2), p.495-505 |
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| creator | Sozer Karadagli, Sumru Kaftan, Gizem Cansever, Islam Armagan, Guliz Sogut, Ozlem |
| description | After tattoo application, inks remain in the skin, mostly in the dermal layer, and manufacturers use inks that have not been adequately evaluated for safety in tattoo production. In this study, the metal contents (Cd, Hg, Pb, and Cr) of tattoo inks available in the Turkish market were determined and the relationship between cell viability and inflammatory response of the detected metal levels was investigated. Nine tattoo inks (3 colors) from 3 different brands abbreviated as E, I, and W were examined. ICP-MS was used for element analysis. The viability of human keratinocyte cells was determined by the WST-1 assay following ink exposures at various dilutions. IL-18 levels were measured in cell culture supernatant by ELISA method following ink or metal (Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb) exposures. The concentrations of trace elements were found in inks as follows: Cd, 0.0641–1.3857; Hg, 0.0204–0.2675; Pb, 0.8527–6.5981; Cr, 0.1731–45.3962 µg mL
−1
. It was observed that the levels of Pb and especially Cr in the samples exceeded the limit values. Tattoo inks reduced the cell viability in a dose- and color-dependent manner. IL-18 release was significantly increased in all groups except Cr and black ink of brand I treated cells (p |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s10534-023-00564-z |
| format | Article |
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−1
. It was observed that the levels of Pb and especially Cr in the samples exceeded the limit values. Tattoo inks reduced the cell viability in a dose- and color-dependent manner. IL-18 release was significantly increased in all groups except Cr and black ink of brand I treated cells (p < 0.05). Our results show that the metal contents of tattoo inks exceed Council of Europe Resolution values in some samples and some inks induce immune system activation (IL-18 secretion) and cytotoxic effects. It is thought that these findings may contribute to the toxic/adverse effects of tattoo inks commonly used.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0966-0844</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1572-8773</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s10534-023-00564-z</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38038794</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands</publisher><subject>Biochemistry ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Cadmium ; Cell Biology ; Cell culture ; Cell viability ; Chromium ; Cytotoxicity ; Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ; Evaluation ; Humans ; Immune system ; Inflammation ; Inflammatory response ; Ink ; Inks ; Interleukin 18 ; Lead ; Life Sciences ; Medicine/Public Health ; Mercury ; Mercury (metal) ; Metal concentrations ; Microbiology ; Pharmacology/Toxicology ; Plant Physiology ; Tattooing - adverse effects ; Tattoos ; Trace elements ; Trace metals</subject><ispartof>Biometals, 2024-04, Vol.37 (2), p.495-505</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><rights>2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c326t-76625c03dc8731b8d026754f3626eb2ca9d63c759a045c58f59eb4607c4849323</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-8013-2518 ; 0000-0002-6085-189X ; 0000-0001-6466-2263 ; 0000-0002-4661-5401 ; 0000-0001-8752-7355</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10534-023-00564-z$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10534-023-00564-z$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,778,782,27911,27912,41475,42544,51306</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38038794$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Sozer Karadagli, Sumru</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Kaftan, Gizem</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cansever, Islam</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Armagan, Guliz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sogut, Ozlem</creatorcontrib><title>Tattoo inks: evaluation of cellular responses and analysis of some trace metals</title><title>Biometals</title><addtitle>Biometals</addtitle><addtitle>Biometals</addtitle><description>After tattoo application, inks remain in the skin, mostly in the dermal layer, and manufacturers use inks that have not been adequately evaluated for safety in tattoo production. In this study, the metal contents (Cd, Hg, Pb, and Cr) of tattoo inks available in the Turkish market were determined and the relationship between cell viability and inflammatory response of the detected metal levels was investigated. Nine tattoo inks (3 colors) from 3 different brands abbreviated as E, I, and W were examined. ICP-MS was used for element analysis. The viability of human keratinocyte cells was determined by the WST-1 assay following ink exposures at various dilutions. IL-18 levels were measured in cell culture supernatant by ELISA method following ink or metal (Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb) exposures. The concentrations of trace elements were found in inks as follows: Cd, 0.0641–1.3857; Hg, 0.0204–0.2675; Pb, 0.8527–6.5981; Cr, 0.1731–45.3962 µg mL
−1
. It was observed that the levels of Pb and especially Cr in the samples exceeded the limit values. Tattoo inks reduced the cell viability in a dose- and color-dependent manner. IL-18 release was significantly increased in all groups except Cr and black ink of brand I treated cells (p < 0.05). Our results show that the metal contents of tattoo inks exceed Council of Europe Resolution values in some samples and some inks induce immune system activation (IL-18 secretion) and cytotoxic effects. It is thought that these findings may contribute to the toxic/adverse effects of tattoo inks commonly used.</description><subject>Biochemistry</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Cadmium</subject><subject>Cell Biology</subject><subject>Cell culture</subject><subject>Cell viability</subject><subject>Chromium</subject><subject>Cytotoxicity</subject><subject>Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay</subject><subject>Evaluation</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Immune system</subject><subject>Inflammation</subject><subject>Inflammatory response</subject><subject>Ink</subject><subject>Inks</subject><subject>Interleukin 18</subject><subject>Lead</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Medicine/Public Health</subject><subject>Mercury</subject><subject>Mercury (metal)</subject><subject>Metal concentrations</subject><subject>Microbiology</subject><subject>Pharmacology/Toxicology</subject><subject>Plant Physiology</subject><subject>Tattooing - adverse effects</subject><subject>Tattoos</subject><subject>Trace elements</subject><subject>Trace metals</subject><issn>0966-0844</issn><issn>1572-8773</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kE1P3DAQhi1UBFvgD3CoIvXSS8rE48_eKlRoJSQucLa8joNCk3jxJJXg1-NloZV64GDNwc-8M_MwdtrA1wZAn1EDEkUNHGsAqUT9tMdWjdS8NlrjB7YCq1QNRohD9pHoHgCsBnXADtEAGm3Fil3f-HlOqeqn3_Stin_8sPi5T1OVuirEYVgGn6scaZMmilT5qS3PD4_U0xahNMZqzj7EaoyzH-iY7XelxJPXesRuL37cnP-sr64vf51_v6oDcjXXWikuA2AbjMZmbVrgSkvRoeIqrnnwtlUYtLQehAzSdNLGtVCggzDCIscj9mWXu8npYYk0u7Gn7cJ-imkhx41VBho0oqCf_0Pv05LLEeQQUGKRaLFQfEeFnIhy7Nwm96PPj64Bt9Xtdrpd0e1edLun0vTpNXpZj7H92_LmtwC4A6h8TXcx_5v9TuwzODGJvQ</recordid><startdate>20240401</startdate><enddate>20240401</enddate><creator>Sozer Karadagli, Sumru</creator><creator>Kaftan, Gizem</creator><creator>Cansever, Islam</creator><creator>Armagan, Guliz</creator><creator>Sogut, Ozlem</creator><general>Springer Netherlands</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7U5</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>8BQ</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>JG9</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8013-2518</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6085-189X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6466-2263</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4661-5401</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8752-7355</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20240401</creationdate><title>Tattoo inks: evaluation of cellular responses and analysis of some trace metals</title><author>Sozer Karadagli, Sumru ; 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In this study, the metal contents (Cd, Hg, Pb, and Cr) of tattoo inks available in the Turkish market were determined and the relationship between cell viability and inflammatory response of the detected metal levels was investigated. Nine tattoo inks (3 colors) from 3 different brands abbreviated as E, I, and W were examined. ICP-MS was used for element analysis. The viability of human keratinocyte cells was determined by the WST-1 assay following ink exposures at various dilutions. IL-18 levels were measured in cell culture supernatant by ELISA method following ink or metal (Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb) exposures. The concentrations of trace elements were found in inks as follows: Cd, 0.0641–1.3857; Hg, 0.0204–0.2675; Pb, 0.8527–6.5981; Cr, 0.1731–45.3962 µg mL
−1
. It was observed that the levels of Pb and especially Cr in the samples exceeded the limit values. Tattoo inks reduced the cell viability in a dose- and color-dependent manner. IL-18 release was significantly increased in all groups except Cr and black ink of brand I treated cells (p < 0.05). Our results show that the metal contents of tattoo inks exceed Council of Europe Resolution values in some samples and some inks induce immune system activation (IL-18 secretion) and cytotoxic effects. It is thought that these findings may contribute to the toxic/adverse effects of tattoo inks commonly used.</abstract><cop>Dordrecht</cop><pub>Springer Netherlands</pub><pmid>38038794</pmid><doi>10.1007/s10534-023-00564-z</doi><tpages>11</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8013-2518</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6085-189X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6466-2263</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4661-5401</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8752-7355</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Biochemistry Biomedical and Life Sciences Cadmium Cell Biology Cell culture Cell viability Chromium Cytotoxicity Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Evaluation Humans Immune system Inflammation Inflammatory response Ink Inks Interleukin 18 Lead Life Sciences Medicine/Public Health Mercury Mercury (metal) Metal concentrations Microbiology Pharmacology/Toxicology Plant Physiology Tattooing - adverse effects Tattoos Trace elements Trace metals |
| title | Tattoo inks: evaluation of cellular responses and analysis of some trace metals |
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