Evaluation of a wearable fabric-based sensor for accurate sodium determination in sweat during exercise
Introduction Newly developed wearable fabric sensors (WFS) can increase the ease and accuracy of sweat sodium measurements by performing simultaneous sampling and analysis on the body during exercise. Purpose Determine the accuracy of a WFS for measurement of sodium concentration in sweat. METHODS:...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | European journal of applied physiology 2024-05, Vol.124 (5), p.1347-1353 |
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| container_title | European journal of applied physiology |
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| creator | Dyshko, Kristina Nicodemus, Mary Pat Otterstetter, Ronald Ghadimi, Hanieh Daniels, Shelby Fulmer, Michael S. Cheney, Zachary Ellis, Rebecca Stege, Victoria Monty, Chelsea N. |
| description | Introduction
Newly developed wearable fabric sensors (WFS) can increase the ease and accuracy of sweat sodium measurements by performing simultaneous sampling and analysis on the body during exercise.
Purpose
Determine the accuracy of a WFS for measurement of sodium concentration in sweat. METHODS: Subjects wore a WFS prototype and sweat collectors on their forearm during cycle ergometry. Subjects exercised at a moderate intensity (~ 65% heart rate reserve) for 30–60 min. Sweat samples were collected and analyzed using a commercial sweat sodium analyzer (SSA) every 10–15 min. WFS were adhered with an armband and connected to custom built electronics. Accuracy was determined by comparing predicted WFS concentration to the actual concentration from the commercial SSA and analyzed statistically using ANOVA and Bland−Altman plots.
Results
A total of 19 subjects completed the study. The average sweat sodium concentration was 59 mM ± 22 mM from a SSA compared with 54 mM ± 22 mM from the WFS. Overall, the average accuracy of the WFS was 88% in comparison to the SSA with
p
= 0.45. A line of best fit comparing predicted versus actual sweat sodium concentration had a slope of 0.99, intercept of – 4.46, and an
r
2
of 0.90. Bland−Altman analysis showed the average concentration difference between the WFS and the SSA was 5.35 mM, with 99% of data points between ± 1.96 times the standard deviation.
Conclusion
The WFS accurately predicted sweat sodium concentration during moderate intensity cycle ergometry. With the need for precise assessment of sodium loss, especially during long duration exercise, this novel analysis method can benefit athletes and coaches. Further research involving longer duration and more intense exercise is warranted. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00421-023-05364-4 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2895262278</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>3047403574</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c326t-54b811378e8ed6ddf7f8cf40e8d8be5147df76e3dbeb8d4ee8739c66924155723</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kctKAzEUhoMotlZfwIUE3LgZzW0mmaWUeoGCG12HTHKmpMylJjNe3t6pUyu4cBFOOHznSzg_QueUXFNC5E0kRDCaEMYTkvJMJOIATangeZJxJg_3d5pP0EmMa0KIYlQdowlXhOacqilaLd5M1ZvOtw1uS2zwO5hgigpwaYrgbVKYCA5HaGIbcDkcY20fTAc4ts73NXbQQah9Mzp8g-Og6LDrg29WGD4gWB_hFB2Vpopwtqsz9HK3eJ4_JMun-8f57TKxnGVdkopCUcqlAgUuc66UpbKlIKCcKiClQg6tDLgroFBOACjJc5tlORM0TSXjM3Q1ejehfe0hdrr20UJVmQbaPmqm8pRljEk1oJd_0HXbh2b4neZESEF4KsVAsZGyoY0xQKk3wdcmfGpK9DYGPcaghxj0dwx6O3SxU_dFDW4_8rP3AeAjEDfbNUH4ffsf7RcMaJNd</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>3047403574</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Evaluation of a wearable fabric-based sensor for accurate sodium determination in sweat during exercise</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>SpringerLink Journals</source><creator>Dyshko, Kristina ; Nicodemus, Mary Pat ; Otterstetter, Ronald ; Ghadimi, Hanieh ; Daniels, Shelby ; Fulmer, Michael S. ; Cheney, Zachary ; Ellis, Rebecca ; Stege, Victoria ; Monty, Chelsea N.</creator><creatorcontrib>Dyshko, Kristina ; Nicodemus, Mary Pat ; Otterstetter, Ronald ; Ghadimi, Hanieh ; Daniels, Shelby ; Fulmer, Michael S. ; Cheney, Zachary ; Ellis, Rebecca ; Stege, Victoria ; Monty, Chelsea N.</creatorcontrib><description>Introduction
Newly developed wearable fabric sensors (WFS) can increase the ease and accuracy of sweat sodium measurements by performing simultaneous sampling and analysis on the body during exercise.
Purpose
Determine the accuracy of a WFS for measurement of sodium concentration in sweat. METHODS: Subjects wore a WFS prototype and sweat collectors on their forearm during cycle ergometry. Subjects exercised at a moderate intensity (~ 65% heart rate reserve) for 30–60 min. Sweat samples were collected and analyzed using a commercial sweat sodium analyzer (SSA) every 10–15 min. WFS were adhered with an armband and connected to custom built electronics. Accuracy was determined by comparing predicted WFS concentration to the actual concentration from the commercial SSA and analyzed statistically using ANOVA and Bland−Altman plots.
Results
A total of 19 subjects completed the study. The average sweat sodium concentration was 59 mM ± 22 mM from a SSA compared with 54 mM ± 22 mM from the WFS. Overall, the average accuracy of the WFS was 88% in comparison to the SSA with
p
= 0.45. A line of best fit comparing predicted versus actual sweat sodium concentration had a slope of 0.99, intercept of – 4.46, and an
r
2
of 0.90. Bland−Altman analysis showed the average concentration difference between the WFS and the SSA was 5.35 mM, with 99% of data points between ± 1.96 times the standard deviation.
Conclusion
The WFS accurately predicted sweat sodium concentration during moderate intensity cycle ergometry. With the need for precise assessment of sodium loss, especially during long duration exercise, this novel analysis method can benefit athletes and coaches. Further research involving longer duration and more intense exercise is warranted.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1439-6319</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1439-6327</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05364-4</identifier><identifier>PMID: 38019318</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Accuracy ; Adult ; Biomedical and Life Sciences ; Biomedicine ; Ergometry ; Exercise - physiology ; Female ; Heart rate ; Human Physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine ; Original Article ; Physical training ; Sodium ; Sodium - analysis ; Sodium - metabolism ; Sports Medicine ; Sweat ; Sweat - chemistry ; Sweat - metabolism ; Textiles - analysis ; Wearable Electronic Devices ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>European journal of applied physiology, 2024-05, Vol.124 (5), p.1347-1353</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><rights>2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c326t-54b811378e8ed6ddf7f8cf40e8d8be5147df76e3dbeb8d4ee8739c66924155723</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7108-661X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00421-023-05364-4$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00421-023-05364-4$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,778,782,27907,27908,41471,42540,51302</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38019318$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Dyshko, Kristina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nicodemus, Mary Pat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Otterstetter, Ronald</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ghadimi, Hanieh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Daniels, Shelby</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fulmer, Michael S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cheney, Zachary</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ellis, Rebecca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stege, Victoria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Monty, Chelsea N.</creatorcontrib><title>Evaluation of a wearable fabric-based sensor for accurate sodium determination in sweat during exercise</title><title>European journal of applied physiology</title><addtitle>Eur J Appl Physiol</addtitle><addtitle>Eur J Appl Physiol</addtitle><description>Introduction
Newly developed wearable fabric sensors (WFS) can increase the ease and accuracy of sweat sodium measurements by performing simultaneous sampling and analysis on the body during exercise.
Purpose
Determine the accuracy of a WFS for measurement of sodium concentration in sweat. METHODS: Subjects wore a WFS prototype and sweat collectors on their forearm during cycle ergometry. Subjects exercised at a moderate intensity (~ 65% heart rate reserve) for 30–60 min. Sweat samples were collected and analyzed using a commercial sweat sodium analyzer (SSA) every 10–15 min. WFS were adhered with an armband and connected to custom built electronics. Accuracy was determined by comparing predicted WFS concentration to the actual concentration from the commercial SSA and analyzed statistically using ANOVA and Bland−Altman plots.
Results
A total of 19 subjects completed the study. The average sweat sodium concentration was 59 mM ± 22 mM from a SSA compared with 54 mM ± 22 mM from the WFS. Overall, the average accuracy of the WFS was 88% in comparison to the SSA with
p
= 0.45. A line of best fit comparing predicted versus actual sweat sodium concentration had a slope of 0.99, intercept of – 4.46, and an
r
2
of 0.90. Bland−Altman analysis showed the average concentration difference between the WFS and the SSA was 5.35 mM, with 99% of data points between ± 1.96 times the standard deviation.
Conclusion
The WFS accurately predicted sweat sodium concentration during moderate intensity cycle ergometry. With the need for precise assessment of sodium loss, especially during long duration exercise, this novel analysis method can benefit athletes and coaches. Further research involving longer duration and more intense exercise is warranted.</description><subject>Accuracy</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Biomedicine</subject><subject>Ergometry</subject><subject>Exercise - physiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Heart rate</subject><subject>Human Physiology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine</subject><subject>Original Article</subject><subject>Physical training</subject><subject>Sodium</subject><subject>Sodium - analysis</subject><subject>Sodium - metabolism</subject><subject>Sports Medicine</subject><subject>Sweat</subject><subject>Sweat - chemistry</subject><subject>Sweat - metabolism</subject><subject>Textiles - analysis</subject><subject>Wearable Electronic Devices</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>1439-6319</issn><issn>1439-6327</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kctKAzEUhoMotlZfwIUE3LgZzW0mmaWUeoGCG12HTHKmpMylJjNe3t6pUyu4cBFOOHznSzg_QueUXFNC5E0kRDCaEMYTkvJMJOIATangeZJxJg_3d5pP0EmMa0KIYlQdowlXhOacqilaLd5M1ZvOtw1uS2zwO5hgigpwaYrgbVKYCA5HaGIbcDkcY20fTAc4ts73NXbQQah9Mzp8g-Og6LDrg29WGD4gWB_hFB2Vpopwtqsz9HK3eJ4_JMun-8f57TKxnGVdkopCUcqlAgUuc66UpbKlIKCcKiClQg6tDLgroFBOACjJc5tlORM0TSXjM3Q1ejehfe0hdrr20UJVmQbaPmqm8pRljEk1oJd_0HXbh2b4neZESEF4KsVAsZGyoY0xQKk3wdcmfGpK9DYGPcaghxj0dwx6O3SxU_dFDW4_8rP3AeAjEDfbNUH4ffsf7RcMaJNd</recordid><startdate>20240501</startdate><enddate>20240501</enddate><creator>Dyshko, Kristina</creator><creator>Nicodemus, Mary Pat</creator><creator>Otterstetter, Ronald</creator><creator>Ghadimi, Hanieh</creator><creator>Daniels, Shelby</creator><creator>Fulmer, Michael S.</creator><creator>Cheney, Zachary</creator><creator>Ellis, Rebecca</creator><creator>Stege, Victoria</creator><creator>Monty, Chelsea N.</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7108-661X</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20240501</creationdate><title>Evaluation of a wearable fabric-based sensor for accurate sodium determination in sweat during exercise</title><author>Dyshko, Kristina ; Nicodemus, Mary Pat ; Otterstetter, Ronald ; Ghadimi, Hanieh ; Daniels, Shelby ; Fulmer, Michael S. ; Cheney, Zachary ; Ellis, Rebecca ; Stege, Victoria ; Monty, Chelsea N.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c326t-54b811378e8ed6ddf7f8cf40e8d8be5147df76e3dbeb8d4ee8739c66924155723</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Accuracy</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Biomedicine</topic><topic>Ergometry</topic><topic>Exercise - physiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Heart rate</topic><topic>Human Physiology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine</topic><topic>Original Article</topic><topic>Physical training</topic><topic>Sodium</topic><topic>Sodium - analysis</topic><topic>Sodium - metabolism</topic><topic>Sports Medicine</topic><topic>Sweat</topic><topic>Sweat - chemistry</topic><topic>Sweat - metabolism</topic><topic>Textiles - analysis</topic><topic>Wearable Electronic Devices</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Dyshko, Kristina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nicodemus, Mary Pat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Otterstetter, Ronald</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ghadimi, Hanieh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Daniels, Shelby</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fulmer, Michael S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cheney, Zachary</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ellis, Rebecca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stege, Victoria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Monty, Chelsea N.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>European journal of applied physiology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Dyshko, Kristina</au><au>Nicodemus, Mary Pat</au><au>Otterstetter, Ronald</au><au>Ghadimi, Hanieh</au><au>Daniels, Shelby</au><au>Fulmer, Michael S.</au><au>Cheney, Zachary</au><au>Ellis, Rebecca</au><au>Stege, Victoria</au><au>Monty, Chelsea N.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Evaluation of a wearable fabric-based sensor for accurate sodium determination in sweat during exercise</atitle><jtitle>European journal of applied physiology</jtitle><stitle>Eur J Appl Physiol</stitle><addtitle>Eur J Appl Physiol</addtitle><date>2024-05-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>124</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>1347</spage><epage>1353</epage><pages>1347-1353</pages><issn>1439-6319</issn><eissn>1439-6327</eissn><abstract>Introduction
Newly developed wearable fabric sensors (WFS) can increase the ease and accuracy of sweat sodium measurements by performing simultaneous sampling and analysis on the body during exercise.
Purpose
Determine the accuracy of a WFS for measurement of sodium concentration in sweat. METHODS: Subjects wore a WFS prototype and sweat collectors on their forearm during cycle ergometry. Subjects exercised at a moderate intensity (~ 65% heart rate reserve) for 30–60 min. Sweat samples were collected and analyzed using a commercial sweat sodium analyzer (SSA) every 10–15 min. WFS were adhered with an armband and connected to custom built electronics. Accuracy was determined by comparing predicted WFS concentration to the actual concentration from the commercial SSA and analyzed statistically using ANOVA and Bland−Altman plots.
Results
A total of 19 subjects completed the study. The average sweat sodium concentration was 59 mM ± 22 mM from a SSA compared with 54 mM ± 22 mM from the WFS. Overall, the average accuracy of the WFS was 88% in comparison to the SSA with
p
= 0.45. A line of best fit comparing predicted versus actual sweat sodium concentration had a slope of 0.99, intercept of – 4.46, and an
r
2
of 0.90. Bland−Altman analysis showed the average concentration difference between the WFS and the SSA was 5.35 mM, with 99% of data points between ± 1.96 times the standard deviation.
Conclusion
The WFS accurately predicted sweat sodium concentration during moderate intensity cycle ergometry. With the need for precise assessment of sodium loss, especially during long duration exercise, this novel analysis method can benefit athletes and coaches. Further research involving longer duration and more intense exercise is warranted.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>38019318</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00421-023-05364-4</doi><tpages>7</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7108-661X</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals |
| subjects | Accuracy Adult Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedicine Ergometry Exercise - physiology Female Heart rate Human Physiology Humans Male Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine Original Article Physical training Sodium Sodium - analysis Sodium - metabolism Sports Medicine Sweat Sweat - chemistry Sweat - metabolism Textiles - analysis Wearable Electronic Devices Young Adult |
| title | Evaluation of a wearable fabric-based sensor for accurate sodium determination in sweat during exercise |
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