Association of Oral Health with Frailty, Malnutrition Risk and Functional Decline in Hospitalized Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

BackgroundPoor oral health is known to be associated with adverse outcomes, but the frequency and impact of poor oral health on older adults in the acute inpatient setting has been less well studied.ObjectivesWe examined the association between oral health, frailty, nutrition and functional decline in hospitalized older adults.DesignRetrospective cross-sectional study.Setting and ParticipantsWe included data from 465 inpatients (mean age 79.2±8.3 years) admitted acutely to a tertiary hospital.MethodsWe evaluated oral health using the Revised Oral Assessment Guide (ROAG), frailty using the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), malnutrition risk using the Nutritional Screening Tool (NST) and functional status using a modified Katz Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scale. We examined cross-sectional associations of oral health with frailty, malnutrition risk and functional decline on admission, followed by multivariate logistic regression models evaluating the association between poor oral health and the aforementioned outcomes.Results343 (73.8%), 100 (21.5%) and 22 (4.7%) were classified as low, moderate and high risk on the ROAG, respectively. Poorer oral health was associated with greater severity of frailty, functional decline on admission and malnutrition risk. Abnormalities in ROAG domains of voice changes, swallowing difficulty, xerostomia, lips and tongue appearance were more frequently present at greater severity of frailty. Poor oral health was associated with frailty [odds ratio (OR): 1.76, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05–2.97; P=0.034]; malnutrition risk [OR: 2.76, 95% CI 1.46–5.19, P=0.002] and functional decline [OR: 1.62, 95% CI 1.01–2.59, P=0.046].ConclusionsPoor oral health is significantly associated with frailty, malnutrition risk and functional decline in older inpatients. Oral health evaluation, as part of a comprehensive geriatric assessment may be a target for interventions to improve outcomes. Further research including longitudinal outcomes and effectiveness of specific interventions targeted at oral health are warranted in older adults in the inpatient setting.