Galad Score as a Prognostic Marker for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for more than 75% of primary liver cancers, which are the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The GALAD (gender, age, AFP-L3, AFP, and des-carboxy-prothrombin) score is a diagnostic tool developed based on gender, age, alpha-fetoprotein,...
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Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of molecular sciences 2023-11, Vol.24 (22), p.16485 |
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creator | Cagnin, Silvia Donghia, Rossella Martini, Andrea Pesole, Pasqua Letizia Coletta, Sergio Shahini, Endrit Boninsegna, Giulia Biasiolo, Alessandra Pontisso, Patrizia Giannelli, Gianluigi |
description | Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for more than 75% of primary liver cancers, which are the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The GALAD (gender, age, AFP-L3, AFP, and des-carboxy-prothrombin) score is a diagnostic tool developed based on gender, age, alpha-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoprotein L3, and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin, originally designed as a diagnostic tool for HCC in high-risk patients. Methods: We analyzed 212 patients with and without cirrhosis. The population study was divided into patients with liver cirrhosis without evidence of HCC at the time of serum sample collection for GALAD score determination and patients with liver cirrhosis and a confirmed diagnosis of HCC at the time of serum sample collection for GALAD score determination. Patients were followed up until death or liver transplantation. The association between variables and HCC mortality risk was performed, and the results were presented as hazard ratio (HR). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the performance of the GALAD HCC diagnosis. The survival probability was explored using the non-parametric test, and the equality of survival amongst categories was assessed with the log-rank test. Results: Biomarkers were higher in the HCC group compared to cirrhosis. Kaplan–Meier survival probability analysis for individual GALAD categories revealed that a high GALAD level was associated with decreased survival during follow-up, and the difference between the curves was statistically significant (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the GALAD score has promise as a prognostic tool, with implications for improving patient management and treatment strategies for HCC. |
doi_str_mv | 10.3390/ijms242216485 |
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The GALAD (gender, age, AFP-L3, AFP, and des-carboxy-prothrombin) score is a diagnostic tool developed based on gender, age, alpha-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoprotein L3, and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin, originally designed as a diagnostic tool for HCC in high-risk patients. Methods: We analyzed 212 patients with and without cirrhosis. The population study was divided into patients with liver cirrhosis without evidence of HCC at the time of serum sample collection for GALAD score determination and patients with liver cirrhosis and a confirmed diagnosis of HCC at the time of serum sample collection for GALAD score determination. Patients were followed up until death or liver transplantation. The association between variables and HCC mortality risk was performed, and the results were presented as hazard ratio (HR). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the performance of the GALAD HCC diagnosis. The survival probability was explored using the non-parametric test, and the equality of survival amongst categories was assessed with the log-rank test. Results: Biomarkers were higher in the HCC group compared to cirrhosis. Kaplan–Meier survival probability analysis for individual GALAD categories revealed that a high GALAD level was associated with decreased survival during follow-up, and the difference between the curves was statistically significant (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the GALAD score has promise as a prognostic tool, with implications for improving patient management and treatment strategies for HCC.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1422-0067</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1661-6596</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1422-0067</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216485</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Alpha fetoproteins ; Biomarkers ; Care and treatment ; Creatinine ; Development and progression ; Diagnosis ; Glycoproteins ; Health aspects ; Hepatitis B ; Hepatitis C ; Hepatoma ; Liver ; Liver cancer ; Liver cirrhosis ; Liver diseases ; Medical prognosis ; Medical research ; Medicine, Experimental ; Metabolism ; Mortality ; Rankings ; Surveillance ; Thrombin ; Transplantation of organs, tissues, etc ; Tumors ; Ultrasonic imaging ; Variables</subject><ispartof>International journal of molecular sciences, 2023-11, Vol.24 (22), p.16485</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2023 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c404t-a110294ac44c705aa4b815e947a3aed4f307ce042f292aca3b9089ed13c452ec3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c404t-a110294ac44c705aa4b815e947a3aed4f307ce042f292aca3b9089ed13c452ec3</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-4675-2075 ; 0000-0002-4909-0436 ; 0000-0003-2077-9202 ; 0000-0002-5140-8060 ; 0000-0002-9140-673X</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Cagnin, Silvia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Donghia, Rossella</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Martini, Andrea</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pesole, Pasqua Letizia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Coletta, Sergio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shahini, Endrit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boninsegna, Giulia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Biasiolo, Alessandra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pontisso, Patrizia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Giannelli, Gianluigi</creatorcontrib><title>Galad Score as a Prognostic Marker for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma</title><title>International journal of molecular sciences</title><description>Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for more than 75% of primary liver cancers, which are the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The GALAD (gender, age, AFP-L3, AFP, and des-carboxy-prothrombin) score is a diagnostic tool developed based on gender, age, alpha-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoprotein L3, and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin, originally designed as a diagnostic tool for HCC in high-risk patients. Methods: We analyzed 212 patients with and without cirrhosis. The population study was divided into patients with liver cirrhosis without evidence of HCC at the time of serum sample collection for GALAD score determination and patients with liver cirrhosis and a confirmed diagnosis of HCC at the time of serum sample collection for GALAD score determination. Patients were followed up until death or liver transplantation. The association between variables and HCC mortality risk was performed, and the results were presented as hazard ratio (HR). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the performance of the GALAD HCC diagnosis. The survival probability was explored using the non-parametric test, and the equality of survival amongst categories was assessed with the log-rank test. Results: Biomarkers were higher in the HCC group compared to cirrhosis. Kaplan–Meier survival probability analysis for individual GALAD categories revealed that a high GALAD level was associated with decreased survival during follow-up, and the difference between the curves was statistically significant (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the GALAD score has promise as a prognostic tool, with implications for improving patient management and treatment strategies for HCC.</description><subject>Alpha fetoproteins</subject><subject>Biomarkers</subject><subject>Care and treatment</subject><subject>Creatinine</subject><subject>Development and progression</subject><subject>Diagnosis</subject><subject>Glycoproteins</subject><subject>Health aspects</subject><subject>Hepatitis B</subject><subject>Hepatitis C</subject><subject>Hepatoma</subject><subject>Liver</subject><subject>Liver cancer</subject><subject>Liver cirrhosis</subject><subject>Liver diseases</subject><subject>Medical prognosis</subject><subject>Medical research</subject><subject>Medicine, Experimental</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Rankings</subject><subject>Surveillance</subject><subject>Thrombin</subject><subject>Transplantation of organs, tissues, etc</subject><subject>Tumors</subject><subject>Ultrasonic imaging</subject><subject>Variables</subject><issn>1422-0067</issn><issn>1661-6596</issn><issn>1422-0067</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNptkc1Lw0AQxYMoWKtH7wtevKTuV7rZYynaCi0W1HOYbiZ1a5Ktuwnif29iBa3IHOYx_N5jmImiS0ZHQmh6Y7dV4JJzNpZpchQNWKdjSsfq-Jc-jc5C2FLKBU_0IFrOoIScPBrnkUAgQFbebWoXGmvIEvwrelI4T1bQWKybQN5t80LmuIPGGSzLtgRPpuCNrV0F59FJAWXAi-8-jJ7vbp-m83jxMLufThaxkVQ2MTBGuZZgpDSKJgBynbIEtVQgAHNZCKoMUskLrjkYEGtNU405E0YmHI0YRtf73J13by2GJqts6NeBGl0bMp5qkUquVNKhV3_QrWt93W33RdGOScc_1AZKzGxduMaD6UOziVJSdDelfdboH6qrHCtrXI2F7eYHhnhvMN6F4LHIdt5W4D8yRrP-Z9nBz8QnW8mHWA</recordid><startdate>20231101</startdate><enddate>20231101</enddate><creator>Cagnin, Silvia</creator><creator>Donghia, Rossella</creator><creator>Martini, Andrea</creator><creator>Pesole, Pasqua Letizia</creator><creator>Coletta, Sergio</creator><creator>Shahini, Endrit</creator><creator>Boninsegna, Giulia</creator><creator>Biasiolo, Alessandra</creator><creator>Pontisso, Patrizia</creator><creator>Giannelli, Gianluigi</creator><general>MDPI AG</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4675-2075</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4909-0436</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2077-9202</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5140-8060</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9140-673X</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20231101</creationdate><title>Galad Score as a Prognostic Marker for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma</title><author>Cagnin, Silvia ; Donghia, Rossella ; Martini, Andrea ; Pesole, Pasqua Letizia ; Coletta, Sergio ; Shahini, Endrit ; Boninsegna, Giulia ; Biasiolo, Alessandra ; Pontisso, Patrizia ; Giannelli, Gianluigi</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c404t-a110294ac44c705aa4b815e947a3aed4f307ce042f292aca3b9089ed13c452ec3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Alpha fetoproteins</topic><topic>Biomarkers</topic><topic>Care and treatment</topic><topic>Creatinine</topic><topic>Development and progression</topic><topic>Diagnosis</topic><topic>Glycoproteins</topic><topic>Health aspects</topic><topic>Hepatitis B</topic><topic>Hepatitis C</topic><topic>Hepatoma</topic><topic>Liver</topic><topic>Liver cancer</topic><topic>Liver cirrhosis</topic><topic>Liver diseases</topic><topic>Medical prognosis</topic><topic>Medical research</topic><topic>Medicine, Experimental</topic><topic>Metabolism</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>Rankings</topic><topic>Surveillance</topic><topic>Thrombin</topic><topic>Transplantation of organs, tissues, etc</topic><topic>Tumors</topic><topic>Ultrasonic imaging</topic><topic>Variables</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Cagnin, Silvia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Donghia, Rossella</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Martini, Andrea</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pesole, Pasqua Letizia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Coletta, Sergio</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shahini, Endrit</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boninsegna, Giulia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Biasiolo, Alessandra</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Pontisso, Patrizia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Giannelli, Gianluigi</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Research Library</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>International journal of molecular sciences</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Cagnin, Silvia</au><au>Donghia, Rossella</au><au>Martini, Andrea</au><au>Pesole, Pasqua Letizia</au><au>Coletta, Sergio</au><au>Shahini, Endrit</au><au>Boninsegna, Giulia</au><au>Biasiolo, Alessandra</au><au>Pontisso, Patrizia</au><au>Giannelli, Gianluigi</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Galad Score as a Prognostic Marker for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma</atitle><jtitle>International journal of molecular sciences</jtitle><date>2023-11-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>24</volume><issue>22</issue><spage>16485</spage><pages>16485-</pages><issn>1422-0067</issn><issn>1661-6596</issn><eissn>1422-0067</eissn><abstract>Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for more than 75% of primary liver cancers, which are the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The GALAD (gender, age, AFP-L3, AFP, and des-carboxy-prothrombin) score is a diagnostic tool developed based on gender, age, alpha-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoprotein L3, and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin, originally designed as a diagnostic tool for HCC in high-risk patients. Methods: We analyzed 212 patients with and without cirrhosis. The population study was divided into patients with liver cirrhosis without evidence of HCC at the time of serum sample collection for GALAD score determination and patients with liver cirrhosis and a confirmed diagnosis of HCC at the time of serum sample collection for GALAD score determination. Patients were followed up until death or liver transplantation. The association between variables and HCC mortality risk was performed, and the results were presented as hazard ratio (HR). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the performance of the GALAD HCC diagnosis. The survival probability was explored using the non-parametric test, and the equality of survival amongst categories was assessed with the log-rank test. Results: Biomarkers were higher in the HCC group compared to cirrhosis. Kaplan–Meier survival probability analysis for individual GALAD categories revealed that a high GALAD level was associated with decreased survival during follow-up, and the difference between the curves was statistically significant (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the GALAD score has promise as a prognostic tool, with implications for improving patient management and treatment strategies for HCC.</abstract><cop>Basel</cop><pub>MDPI AG</pub><doi>10.3390/ijms242216485</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4675-2075</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4909-0436</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2077-9202</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5140-8060</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9140-673X</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Alpha fetoproteins Biomarkers Care and treatment Creatinine Development and progression Diagnosis Glycoproteins Health aspects Hepatitis B Hepatitis C Hepatoma Liver Liver cancer Liver cirrhosis Liver diseases Medical prognosis Medical research Medicine, Experimental Metabolism Mortality Rankings Surveillance Thrombin Transplantation of organs, tissues, etc Tumors Ultrasonic imaging Variables |
title | Galad Score as a Prognostic Marker for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma |
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