Galad Score as a Prognostic Marker for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for more than 75% of primary liver cancers, which are the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The GALAD (gender, age, AFP-L3, AFP, and des-carboxy-prothrombin) score is a diagnostic tool developed based on gender, age, alpha-fetoprotein,...

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Veröffentlicht in:International journal of molecular sciences 2023-11, Vol.24 (22), p.16485
Hauptverfasser: Cagnin, Silvia, Donghia, Rossella, Martini, Andrea, Pesole, Pasqua Letizia, Coletta, Sergio, Shahini, Endrit, Boninsegna, Giulia, Biasiolo, Alessandra, Pontisso, Patrizia, Giannelli, Gianluigi
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container_issue 22
container_start_page 16485
container_title International journal of molecular sciences
container_volume 24
creator Cagnin, Silvia
Donghia, Rossella
Martini, Andrea
Pesole, Pasqua Letizia
Coletta, Sergio
Shahini, Endrit
Boninsegna, Giulia
Biasiolo, Alessandra
Pontisso, Patrizia
Giannelli, Gianluigi
description Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for more than 75% of primary liver cancers, which are the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The GALAD (gender, age, AFP-L3, AFP, and des-carboxy-prothrombin) score is a diagnostic tool developed based on gender, age, alpha-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoprotein L3, and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin, originally designed as a diagnostic tool for HCC in high-risk patients. Methods: We analyzed 212 patients with and without cirrhosis. The population study was divided into patients with liver cirrhosis without evidence of HCC at the time of serum sample collection for GALAD score determination and patients with liver cirrhosis and a confirmed diagnosis of HCC at the time of serum sample collection for GALAD score determination. Patients were followed up until death or liver transplantation. The association between variables and HCC mortality risk was performed, and the results were presented as hazard ratio (HR). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the performance of the GALAD HCC diagnosis. The survival probability was explored using the non-parametric test, and the equality of survival amongst categories was assessed with the log-rank test. Results: Biomarkers were higher in the HCC group compared to cirrhosis. Kaplan–Meier survival probability analysis for individual GALAD categories revealed that a high GALAD level was associated with decreased survival during follow-up, and the difference between the curves was statistically significant (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the GALAD score has promise as a prognostic tool, with implications for improving patient management and treatment strategies for HCC.
doi_str_mv 10.3390/ijms242216485
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The GALAD (gender, age, AFP-L3, AFP, and des-carboxy-prothrombin) score is a diagnostic tool developed based on gender, age, alpha-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoprotein L3, and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin, originally designed as a diagnostic tool for HCC in high-risk patients. Methods: We analyzed 212 patients with and without cirrhosis. The population study was divided into patients with liver cirrhosis without evidence of HCC at the time of serum sample collection for GALAD score determination and patients with liver cirrhosis and a confirmed diagnosis of HCC at the time of serum sample collection for GALAD score determination. Patients were followed up until death or liver transplantation. The association between variables and HCC mortality risk was performed, and the results were presented as hazard ratio (HR). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the performance of the GALAD HCC diagnosis. The survival probability was explored using the non-parametric test, and the equality of survival amongst categories was assessed with the log-rank test. Results: Biomarkers were higher in the HCC group compared to cirrhosis. Kaplan–Meier survival probability analysis for individual GALAD categories revealed that a high GALAD level was associated with decreased survival during follow-up, and the difference between the curves was statistically significant (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the GALAD score has promise as a prognostic tool, with implications for improving patient management and treatment strategies for HCC.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1422-0067</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1661-6596</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1422-0067</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216485</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Basel: MDPI AG</publisher><subject>Alpha fetoproteins ; Biomarkers ; Care and treatment ; Creatinine ; Development and progression ; Diagnosis ; Glycoproteins ; Health aspects ; Hepatitis B ; Hepatitis C ; Hepatoma ; Liver ; Liver cancer ; Liver cirrhosis ; Liver diseases ; Medical prognosis ; Medical research ; Medicine, Experimental ; Metabolism ; Mortality ; Rankings ; Surveillance ; Thrombin ; Transplantation of organs, tissues, etc ; Tumors ; Ultrasonic imaging ; Variables</subject><ispartof>International journal of molecular sciences, 2023-11, Vol.24 (22), p.16485</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2023 MDPI AG</rights><rights>2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). 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The GALAD (gender, age, AFP-L3, AFP, and des-carboxy-prothrombin) score is a diagnostic tool developed based on gender, age, alpha-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoprotein L3, and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin, originally designed as a diagnostic tool for HCC in high-risk patients. Methods: We analyzed 212 patients with and without cirrhosis. The population study was divided into patients with liver cirrhosis without evidence of HCC at the time of serum sample collection for GALAD score determination and patients with liver cirrhosis and a confirmed diagnosis of HCC at the time of serum sample collection for GALAD score determination. Patients were followed up until death or liver transplantation. The association between variables and HCC mortality risk was performed, and the results were presented as hazard ratio (HR). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the performance of the GALAD HCC diagnosis. The survival probability was explored using the non-parametric test, and the equality of survival amongst categories was assessed with the log-rank test. Results: Biomarkers were higher in the HCC group compared to cirrhosis. Kaplan–Meier survival probability analysis for individual GALAD categories revealed that a high GALAD level was associated with decreased survival during follow-up, and the difference between the curves was statistically significant (p = 0.01). 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The GALAD (gender, age, AFP-L3, AFP, and des-carboxy-prothrombin) score is a diagnostic tool developed based on gender, age, alpha-fetoprotein, alpha-fetoprotein L3, and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin, originally designed as a diagnostic tool for HCC in high-risk patients. Methods: We analyzed 212 patients with and without cirrhosis. The population study was divided into patients with liver cirrhosis without evidence of HCC at the time of serum sample collection for GALAD score determination and patients with liver cirrhosis and a confirmed diagnosis of HCC at the time of serum sample collection for GALAD score determination. Patients were followed up until death or liver transplantation. The association between variables and HCC mortality risk was performed, and the results were presented as hazard ratio (HR). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the performance of the GALAD HCC diagnosis. The survival probability was explored using the non-parametric test, and the equality of survival amongst categories was assessed with the log-rank test. Results: Biomarkers were higher in the HCC group compared to cirrhosis. Kaplan–Meier survival probability analysis for individual GALAD categories revealed that a high GALAD level was associated with decreased survival during follow-up, and the difference between the curves was statistically significant (p = 0.01). 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subjects Alpha fetoproteins
Biomarkers
Care and treatment
Creatinine
Development and progression
Diagnosis
Glycoproteins
Health aspects
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Hepatoma
Liver
Liver cancer
Liver cirrhosis
Liver diseases
Medical prognosis
Medical research
Medicine, Experimental
Metabolism
Mortality
Rankings
Surveillance
Thrombin
Transplantation of organs, tissues, etc
Tumors
Ultrasonic imaging
Variables
title Galad Score as a Prognostic Marker for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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