Return to work after hospitalization for sepsis: a nationwide, registry-based cohort study

Background Sepsis survivors commonly experience functional impairment, which may limit return to work. We investigated return to work (RTW) of patients hospitalized with sepsis and the associations with patient and clinical characteristics. Methods Working-age patients (18-60 years) admitted to a Norwegian hospital with sepsis between 2010 and 2021 were identified using the Norwegian Patient Registry and linked to sick-leave data from the Norwegian National Social Security System Registry. The main outcome was proportion of RTW in patients hospitalized with sepsis at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after discharge. Secondary outcomes were time trends in age-standardized proportions of RTW and probability of sustainable RTW (31 days of consecutive work). The time trends were calculated for each admission year, reported as percentage change with 95% confidence interval (CI). Time-to-event analysis, including crude and adjusted hazard risk (HRs), was used to explore the association between sustainable RTW, characteristics and subgroups of sepsis patients (intensive care unit (ICU) vs. non-ICU and COVID-19 vs. non-COVID-19). Results Among 35.839 hospitalizations for sepsis among patients aged 18-60 years, 12.260 (34.2%) were working prior to hospitalization and included in this study. The mean age was 43.7 years. At 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years post-discharge, overall estimates showed that 58.6%, 67.5%, and 63.4%, respectively, were working. The time trends in age-standardized RTW for ICU and non-ICU sepsis patients remained stable over the study period, except the 2-year age-standardized RTW for non-ICU patients that declined by 1.51% (95% CI - 2.22 to - 0.79) per year, from 70.01% (95% CI 67.21 to 74.80) in 2010 to 57.04% (95% CI 53.81-60.28) in 2019. Characteristics associated with sustainable RTW were younger age, fewer comorbidities, and fewer acute organ dysfunctions. The probability of sustainable RTW was lower in ICU patients compared to non-ICU patients (HR 0.56; 95% CI 0.52-0.61) and higher in patients with COVID-19-related sepsis than in sepsis patients (HR 1.31; 95% CI 1.15-1.49). Conclusion Absence of improvement in RTW proportions over time and the low probability of sustainable RTW in sepsis patients need attention, and further research to enhance outcomes for sepsis patients is required. Keywords: Sepsis, RTW, ICU, COVID-19