Exploring associations between urine levels of phthalates and autism spectrum disorder symptoms: a case–control study in Tianjin, China
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a group of neurodevelopmental disorders. The etiology of autism remains unclear, but a growing body of evidence indicates that phthalates play a role in its pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to compare the urine levels of phthalates in children with ASD...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental science and pollution research international 2022-11, Vol.29 (53), p.80805-80816 |
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| creator | Han, Yu Jin, Shihao Liu, Liyuan Qu, Zhiyi Gao, Lei Li, Peiying Xiong, Wenjuan Zhang, Xin |
| description | Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a group of neurodevelopmental disorders. The etiology of autism remains unclear, but a growing body of evidence indicates that phthalates play a role in its pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to compare the urine levels of phthalates in children with ASD and healthy children. We also explored whether phthalates have an effect on ASD symptoms. The participants in this study included 101 children with ASD (79 boys and 22 girls) and 101 sex- and age-matched controls. The levels of phthalates were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). We detected significant differences in monoethyl phthalate (MEP) levels between the severe ASD and control groups (
p
< 0.05). Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) concentration was positively correlated with language skill impairment in ASD (
β
: 0.387,
p
= 0.041). MEP levels were associated with the CARS “Imitation” score in all children (OR: 1.470). MBP levels were associated with the “Nonverbal Communication” score among boys (OR: 1.233), and MEP levels were associated with the “Nonverbal Communication” score among girls (OR: 2.648). MEP levels were related to the CARS total score after adjustment for sex (
β
: 1.524,
p
= 0.047). Compared with the reference mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) group, children with ASD in the medium-exposure group had an OR of 3.370 for aggravating ASD severity. These results suggested that increased exposure to phthalates contributes to more ASD symptoms and that there are potentially sex-specific associations. These findings warrant further confirmation. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s11356-022-21526-x |
| format | Article |
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p
< 0.05). Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) concentration was positively correlated with language skill impairment in ASD (
β
: 0.387,
p
= 0.041). MEP levels were associated with the CARS “Imitation” score in all children (OR: 1.470). MBP levels were associated with the “Nonverbal Communication” score among boys (OR: 1.233), and MEP levels were associated with the “Nonverbal Communication” score among girls (OR: 2.648). MEP levels were related to the CARS total score after adjustment for sex (
β
: 1.524,
p
= 0.047). Compared with the reference mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) group, children with ASD in the medium-exposure group had an OR of 3.370 for aggravating ASD severity. These results suggested that increased exposure to phthalates contributes to more ASD symptoms and that there are potentially sex-specific associations. These findings warrant further confirmation.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0944-1344</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1614-7499</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21526-x</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Aquatic Pollution ; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution ; Autism ; Automobiles ; case-control studies ; Children ; China ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Ecotoxicology ; Environment ; Environmental Chemistry ; Environmental Health ; Environmental science ; Etiology ; Gas chromatography ; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; Girls ; Mass spectrometry ; Mass spectroscopy ; n-Butyl phthalate ; Neurodevelopmental disorders ; Pathogenesis ; Phthalate esters ; Phthalates ; Research Article ; Sex ; Signs and symptoms ; urine ; Waste Water Technology ; Water Management ; Water Pollution Control</subject><ispartof>Environmental science and pollution research international, 2022-11, Vol.29 (53), p.80805-80816</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022</rights><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c385t-53d147b4c1ec0bc6ea1b39327a2c7a1425372840128a2fda7ea0799c360254b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c385t-53d147b4c1ec0bc6ea1b39327a2c7a1425372840128a2fda7ea0799c360254b3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-022-21526-x$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-022-21526-x$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,777,781,27905,27906,41469,42538,51300</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Han, Yu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jin, Shihao</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Liu, Liyuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Qu, Zhiyi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gao, Lei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Peiying</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Xiong, Wenjuan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Xin</creatorcontrib><title>Exploring associations between urine levels of phthalates and autism spectrum disorder symptoms: a case–control study in Tianjin, China</title><title>Environmental science and pollution research international</title><addtitle>Environ Sci Pollut Res</addtitle><description>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a group of neurodevelopmental disorders. The etiology of autism remains unclear, but a growing body of evidence indicates that phthalates play a role in its pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to compare the urine levels of phthalates in children with ASD and healthy children. We also explored whether phthalates have an effect on ASD symptoms. The participants in this study included 101 children with ASD (79 boys and 22 girls) and 101 sex- and age-matched controls. The levels of phthalates were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). We detected significant differences in monoethyl phthalate (MEP) levels between the severe ASD and control groups (
p
< 0.05). Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) concentration was positively correlated with language skill impairment in ASD (
β
: 0.387,
p
= 0.041). MEP levels were associated with the CARS “Imitation” score in all children (OR: 1.470). MBP levels were associated with the “Nonverbal Communication” score among boys (OR: 1.233), and MEP levels were associated with the “Nonverbal Communication” score among girls (OR: 2.648). MEP levels were related to the CARS total score after adjustment for sex (
β
: 1.524,
p
= 0.047). Compared with the reference mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) group, children with ASD in the medium-exposure group had an OR of 3.370 for aggravating ASD severity. These results suggested that increased exposure to phthalates contributes to more ASD symptoms and that there are potentially sex-specific associations. These findings warrant further confirmation.</description><subject>Aquatic Pollution</subject><subject>Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution</subject><subject>Autism</subject><subject>Automobiles</subject><subject>case-control studies</subject><subject>Children</subject><subject>China</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Ecotoxicology</subject><subject>Environment</subject><subject>Environmental Chemistry</subject><subject>Environmental Health</subject><subject>Environmental science</subject><subject>Etiology</subject><subject>Gas chromatography</subject><subject>gas chromatography-mass spectrometry</subject><subject>Girls</subject><subject>Mass spectrometry</subject><subject>Mass spectroscopy</subject><subject>n-Butyl phthalate</subject><subject>Neurodevelopmental disorders</subject><subject>Pathogenesis</subject><subject>Phthalate esters</subject><subject>Phthalates</subject><subject>Research Article</subject><subject>Sex</subject><subject>Signs and symptoms</subject><subject>urine</subject><subject>Waste Water Technology</subject><subject>Water Management</subject><subject>Water Pollution 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Res</stitle><date>2022-11-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>29</volume><issue>53</issue><spage>80805</spage><epage>80816</epage><pages>80805-80816</pages><issn>0944-1344</issn><eissn>1614-7499</eissn><abstract>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a group of neurodevelopmental disorders. The etiology of autism remains unclear, but a growing body of evidence indicates that phthalates play a role in its pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to compare the urine levels of phthalates in children with ASD and healthy children. We also explored whether phthalates have an effect on ASD symptoms. The participants in this study included 101 children with ASD (79 boys and 22 girls) and 101 sex- and age-matched controls. The levels of phthalates were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). We detected significant differences in monoethyl phthalate (MEP) levels between the severe ASD and control groups (
p
< 0.05). Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) concentration was positively correlated with language skill impairment in ASD (
β
: 0.387,
p
= 0.041). MEP levels were associated with the CARS “Imitation” score in all children (OR: 1.470). MBP levels were associated with the “Nonverbal Communication” score among boys (OR: 1.233), and MEP levels were associated with the “Nonverbal Communication” score among girls (OR: 2.648). MEP levels were related to the CARS total score after adjustment for sex (
β
: 1.524,
p
= 0.047). Compared with the reference mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) group, children with ASD in the medium-exposure group had an OR of 3.370 for aggravating ASD severity. These results suggested that increased exposure to phthalates contributes to more ASD symptoms and that there are potentially sex-specific associations. These findings warrant further confirmation.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><doi>10.1007/s11356-022-21526-x</doi><tpages>12</tpages></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Aquatic Pollution Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Autism Automobiles case-control studies Children China Earth and Environmental Science Ecotoxicology Environment Environmental Chemistry Environmental Health Environmental science Etiology Gas chromatography gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Girls Mass spectrometry Mass spectroscopy n-Butyl phthalate Neurodevelopmental disorders Pathogenesis Phthalate esters Phthalates Research Article Sex Signs and symptoms urine Waste Water Technology Water Management Water Pollution Control |
| title | Exploring associations between urine levels of phthalates and autism spectrum disorder symptoms: a case–control study in Tianjin, China |
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