Efficacy of pharmacological and interventional treatment for resistant hypertension: a network meta-analysis

Abstract Aims Resistant hypertension is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and mortality. Yet, its management is challenging. This study aims to establish the comparative effectiveness of pharmacologic and interventional treatments by conducting a network meta-analysis. Methods and results MEDLINE, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science Core Collection were systematically searched in March 2022. Randomized controlled trials comparing treatment options for management of resistant hypertension were included. Outcomes were blood pressure (BP) changes, measured in the office and in 24 h ambulatory BP measurement. We applied a frequentist random effects model to perform a network meta-analysis combining placebo medication and sham procedure as the reference comparator. From 4771 records, 24 studies met the inclusion criteria with 3458 included patients in total. Twelve active treatment alternatives [spironolactone, doxazosin, β-blocker, clonidine, darusentan, guanfacine, various types of renal sympathetic denervation, lifestyle intervention, continuous positive airway pressure, and baroreflex activation therapy (BAT)] were analysed. Among all comparators, spironolactone had the highest ranking probability and was considered the most effective treatment to reduce office systolic blood pressure (sBP) [−13.30 mmHg (−17.89; −8.72); P < 0.0001] and 24 h sBP [−8.46 mmHg (−12.54; −4.38); P < 0.0001] in patients with resistant hypertension. Lifestyle interventions were the most effective non-pharmacological treatment, lowering office sBP by −7.26 mmHg (−13.73; −0.8), whereas BAT lowered office sBP by −7.0 (−18.59; 4.59). Renal denervation lowered office sBP by −5.64 mmHg (−12.95; 1.66) and −3.79 mmHg (−11.39; 3.8) depending on the type of the procedure. Conclusion Among all pharmacologic and interventional treatments, spironolactone is the most effective treatment in reducing BP in patients with resistant hypertension. More comparative trials and especially trials with long-term follow-up are needed. In the meanwhile, we have to conclude that a combination of spironolactone and lifestyle modification are the most effective treatments in resistant hypertension. Graphical Abstract Graphical Abstract