Social Vulnerability, COVID-19, Racial Violence, and Depressive Symptoms: a Cross-sectional Study in the Southern United States
Background In March 2020, the novel 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic. In May 2020, George Floyd was murdered, catalyzing a national racial reckoning. In the Southern United States, these events occurred in the context of a history of racism and high rates of poverty and di...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities 2024-12, Vol.11 (6), p.3794-3806 |
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| creator | Johnson, Savannah Quick, Kaitlin N. Rieder, Amber D. Rasmussen, Justin D. Sanyal, Ameya Green, Eric P. Duerr, Emmy Nagy, Gabriela A. Puffer, Eve S. |
| description | Background
In March 2020, the novel 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic. In May 2020, George Floyd was murdered, catalyzing a national racial reckoning. In the Southern United States, these events occurred in the context of a history of racism and high rates of poverty and discrimination, especially among racially and ethnically minoritized populations.
Objectives
In this study, we examine social vulnerabilities, the perceived impacts of COVID-19 and the national racial reckoning, and how these are associated with depression symptoms in the South.
Methods
Data were collected from 961 adults between June and November 2020 as part of an online survey study on family well-being during COVID-19. The sample was majority female (87.2%) and consisted of 661 White participants, 143 Black participants, and 157 other racial and ethnic minoritized participants. Existing social vulnerability, perceived impact of COVID-19 and racial violence and protests on families, and depressive symptoms were assessed. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to predict variance in depressive symptoms.
Results
Half of the sample (52%) reported a negative impact of COVID-19, and 66% reported a negative impact of national racial violence/protests. Depressive symptoms were common with 49.8% meeting the cutoff for significant depressive symptoms; Black participants had lower levels of depressive symptoms. Results from the hierarchical regression analysis indicate social vulnerabilities and the perceived negative impact of COVID-19 and racial violence/protests each contribute to variance in depressive symptoms. Race-specific sensitivity analysis clarified distinct patterns in predictors of depressive symptoms.
Conclusion
People in the South report being negatively impacted by the confluence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the emergence of racial violence/protests in 2020, though patterns differ by racial group. These events, on top of pre-existing social vulnerabilities, help explain depressive symptoms in the South during 2020. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s40615-023-01831-y |
| format | Article |
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In March 2020, the novel 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic. In May 2020, George Floyd was murdered, catalyzing a national racial reckoning. In the Southern United States, these events occurred in the context of a history of racism and high rates of poverty and discrimination, especially among racially and ethnically minoritized populations.
Objectives
In this study, we examine social vulnerabilities, the perceived impacts of COVID-19 and the national racial reckoning, and how these are associated with depression symptoms in the South.
Methods
Data were collected from 961 adults between June and November 2020 as part of an online survey study on family well-being during COVID-19. The sample was majority female (87.2%) and consisted of 661 White participants, 143 Black participants, and 157 other racial and ethnic minoritized participants. Existing social vulnerability, perceived impact of COVID-19 and racial violence and protests on families, and depressive symptoms were assessed. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to predict variance in depressive symptoms.
Results
Half of the sample (52%) reported a negative impact of COVID-19, and 66% reported a negative impact of national racial violence/protests. Depressive symptoms were common with 49.8% meeting the cutoff for significant depressive symptoms; Black participants had lower levels of depressive symptoms. Results from the hierarchical regression analysis indicate social vulnerabilities and the perceived negative impact of COVID-19 and racial violence/protests each contribute to variance in depressive symptoms. Race-specific sensitivity analysis clarified distinct patterns in predictors of depressive symptoms.
Conclusion
People in the South report being negatively impacted by the confluence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the emergence of racial violence/protests in 2020, though patterns differ by racial group. These events, on top of pre-existing social vulnerabilities, help explain depressive symptoms in the South during 2020.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2197-3792</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 2196-8837</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2196-8837</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01831-y</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37884856</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject><![CDATA[Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aggression ; Anxiety ; Black or African American - psychology ; Black or African American - statistics & numerical data ; Chronic illnesses ; Coronaviruses ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 - epidemiology ; COVID-19 - ethnology ; COVID-19 - psychology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Demonstrations & protests ; Depression - epidemiology ; Depression - ethnology ; Discrimination ; Epidemiology ; Families & family life ; Female ; Floyd, George ; Health disparities ; Health risk assessment ; Health risks ; Hierarchies ; Humans ; Impact analysis ; Longitudinal studies ; Male ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Mental depression ; Mental health ; Middle Aged ; Mortality ; Oppression ; Pandemics ; Population studies ; Poverty ; Quality of Life Research ; Race ; Racial discrimination ; Racial violence ; Racism ; Racism - psychology ; Racism - statistics & numerical data ; Regression analysis ; Sensitivity analysis ; Signs and symptoms ; Social Inequality ; Social interactions ; Social Structure ; Social Vulnerability ; Southeastern United States - epidemiology ; Stress ; Symptoms ; Systemic racism ; Trauma ; Violence ; Violence - ethnology ; Violence - psychology ; Violence - statistics & numerical data ; Vulnerability ; Well being ; Young Adult]]></subject><ispartof>Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2024-12, Vol.11 (6), p.3794-3806</ispartof><rights>W. Montague Cobb-NMA Health Institute 2023 Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><rights>2023. W. Montague Cobb-NMA Health Institute.</rights><rights>Copyright Springer Nature B.V. Dec 2024</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-52254b70622121e0699fdb5384392c3647272df22fc41e73e4cef660ad90403b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-52254b70622121e0699fdb5384392c3647272df22fc41e73e4cef660ad90403b3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-0687-8856</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40615-023-01831-y$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40615-023-01831-y$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,30976,33751,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37884856$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Johnson, Savannah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Quick, Kaitlin N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rieder, Amber D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rasmussen, Justin D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sanyal, Ameya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Green, Eric P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Duerr, Emmy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nagy, Gabriela A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Puffer, Eve S.</creatorcontrib><title>Social Vulnerability, COVID-19, Racial Violence, and Depressive Symptoms: a Cross-sectional Study in the Southern United States</title><title>Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities</title><addtitle>J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities</addtitle><addtitle>J Racial Ethn Health Disparities</addtitle><description>Background
In March 2020, the novel 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic. In May 2020, George Floyd was murdered, catalyzing a national racial reckoning. In the Southern United States, these events occurred in the context of a history of racism and high rates of poverty and discrimination, especially among racially and ethnically minoritized populations.
Objectives
In this study, we examine social vulnerabilities, the perceived impacts of COVID-19 and the national racial reckoning, and how these are associated with depression symptoms in the South.
Methods
Data were collected from 961 adults between June and November 2020 as part of an online survey study on family well-being during COVID-19. The sample was majority female (87.2%) and consisted of 661 White participants, 143 Black participants, and 157 other racial and ethnic minoritized participants. Existing social vulnerability, perceived impact of COVID-19 and racial violence and protests on families, and depressive symptoms were assessed. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to predict variance in depressive symptoms.
Results
Half of the sample (52%) reported a negative impact of COVID-19, and 66% reported a negative impact of national racial violence/protests. Depressive symptoms were common with 49.8% meeting the cutoff for significant depressive symptoms; Black participants had lower levels of depressive symptoms. Results from the hierarchical regression analysis indicate social vulnerabilities and the perceived negative impact of COVID-19 and racial violence/protests each contribute to variance in depressive symptoms. Race-specific sensitivity analysis clarified distinct patterns in predictors of depressive symptoms.
Conclusion
People in the South report being negatively impacted by the confluence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the emergence of racial violence/protests in 2020, though patterns differ by racial group. These events, on top of pre-existing social vulnerabilities, help explain depressive symptoms in the South during 2020.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aggression</subject><subject>Anxiety</subject><subject>Black or African American - psychology</subject><subject>Black or African American - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Chronic illnesses</subject><subject>Coronaviruses</subject><subject>COVID-19</subject><subject>COVID-19 - epidemiology</subject><subject>COVID-19 - ethnology</subject><subject>COVID-19 - psychology</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Demonstrations & protests</subject><subject>Depression - epidemiology</subject><subject>Depression - ethnology</subject><subject>Discrimination</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Families & family life</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Floyd, George</subject><subject>Health disparities</subject><subject>Health risk assessment</subject><subject>Health risks</subject><subject>Hierarchies</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Impact analysis</subject><subject>Longitudinal studies</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Mental depression</subject><subject>Mental health</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Oppression</subject><subject>Pandemics</subject><subject>Population studies</subject><subject>Poverty</subject><subject>Quality of Life Research</subject><subject>Race</subject><subject>Racial discrimination</subject><subject>Racial violence</subject><subject>Racism</subject><subject>Racism - psychology</subject><subject>Racism - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Regression analysis</subject><subject>Sensitivity analysis</subject><subject>Signs and symptoms</subject><subject>Social Inequality</subject><subject>Social interactions</subject><subject>Social Structure</subject><subject>Social Vulnerability</subject><subject>Southeastern United States - epidemiology</subject><subject>Stress</subject><subject>Symptoms</subject><subject>Systemic racism</subject><subject>Trauma</subject><subject>Violence</subject><subject>Violence - ethnology</subject><subject>Violence - psychology</subject><subject>Violence - statistics & numerical data</subject><subject>Vulnerability</subject><subject>Well being</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>2197-3792</issn><issn>2196-8837</issn><issn>2196-8837</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2024</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><sourceid>BHHNA</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kU9rFTEUxQex2FL7BVxIwI2LF83_zLiTV20LhUJf223IZO5oykzmmWSEWfnVTTtVwUVXN3B-54R7T1W9oeQDJUR_TIIoKjFhHBNac4qXF9URo43Cdc31y8e3xlw37LA6SemeEEKZlA1Xr6pDruta1FIdVb92k_N2QHfzECDa1g8-Lxu0vbq7OMW02aBru-p-GiA42CAbOnQK-wgp-Z-Adsu4z9OYPiGLtnFKCSdw2U-hmHZ57hbkA8rfCzjNZcSAboPP0BXRZkivq4PeDglOnuZxdfv1y832HF9enV1sP19ix7XMWDImRauJYowyCkQ1Td-1kteCN8xxJTTTrOsZ652goDkIB71SxHYNEYS3_Lh6v-bu4_RjhpTN6JODYbABpjkZVq4mNeGUF_Tdf-j9NMeyTzKcsloISZUuFFsp97B0hN7sox9tXAwl5qEhszZkSkPmsSGzFNPbp-i5HaH7a_nTRwH4CqQihW8Q__39TOxvwnCaKQ</recordid><startdate>20241201</startdate><enddate>20241201</enddate><creator>Johnson, Savannah</creator><creator>Quick, Kaitlin N.</creator><creator>Rieder, Amber D.</creator><creator>Rasmussen, Justin D.</creator><creator>Sanyal, Ameya</creator><creator>Green, Eric P.</creator><creator>Duerr, Emmy</creator><creator>Nagy, Gabriela A.</creator><creator>Puffer, Eve S.</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QJ</scope><scope>7U4</scope><scope>BHHNA</scope><scope>DWI</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>WZK</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0687-8856</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20241201</creationdate><title>Social Vulnerability, COVID-19, Racial Violence, and Depressive Symptoms: a Cross-sectional Study in the Southern United States</title><author>Johnson, Savannah ; Quick, Kaitlin N. ; Rieder, Amber D. ; Rasmussen, Justin D. ; Sanyal, Ameya ; Green, Eric P. ; Duerr, Emmy ; Nagy, Gabriela A. ; Puffer, Eve S.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-52254b70622121e0699fdb5384392c3647272df22fc41e73e4cef660ad90403b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2024</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Aggression</topic><topic>Anxiety</topic><topic>Black or African American - psychology</topic><topic>Black or African American - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Chronic illnesses</topic><topic>Coronaviruses</topic><topic>COVID-19</topic><topic>COVID-19 - epidemiology</topic><topic>COVID-19 - ethnology</topic><topic>COVID-19 - psychology</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Demonstrations & protests</topic><topic>Depression - epidemiology</topic><topic>Depression - ethnology</topic><topic>Discrimination</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Families & family life</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Floyd, George</topic><topic>Health disparities</topic><topic>Health risk assessment</topic><topic>Health risks</topic><topic>Hierarchies</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Impact analysis</topic><topic>Longitudinal studies</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Mental depression</topic><topic>Mental health</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Mortality</topic><topic>Oppression</topic><topic>Pandemics</topic><topic>Population studies</topic><topic>Poverty</topic><topic>Quality of Life Research</topic><topic>Race</topic><topic>Racial discrimination</topic><topic>Racial violence</topic><topic>Racism</topic><topic>Racism - psychology</topic><topic>Racism - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Regression analysis</topic><topic>Sensitivity analysis</topic><topic>Signs and symptoms</topic><topic>Social Inequality</topic><topic>Social interactions</topic><topic>Social Structure</topic><topic>Social Vulnerability</topic><topic>Southeastern United States - epidemiology</topic><topic>Stress</topic><topic>Symptoms</topic><topic>Systemic racism</topic><topic>Trauma</topic><topic>Violence</topic><topic>Violence - ethnology</topic><topic>Violence - psychology</topic><topic>Violence - statistics & numerical data</topic><topic>Vulnerability</topic><topic>Well being</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Johnson, Savannah</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Quick, Kaitlin N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rieder, Amber D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rasmussen, Justin D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sanyal, Ameya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Green, Eric P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Duerr, Emmy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nagy, Gabriela A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Puffer, Eve S.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><collection>Sociological Abstracts (pre-2017)</collection><collection>Sociological Abstracts</collection><collection>Sociological Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Sociological Abstracts (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Johnson, Savannah</au><au>Quick, Kaitlin N.</au><au>Rieder, Amber D.</au><au>Rasmussen, Justin D.</au><au>Sanyal, Ameya</au><au>Green, Eric P.</au><au>Duerr, Emmy</au><au>Nagy, Gabriela A.</au><au>Puffer, Eve S.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Social Vulnerability, COVID-19, Racial Violence, and Depressive Symptoms: a Cross-sectional Study in the Southern United States</atitle><jtitle>Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities</jtitle><stitle>J. Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities</stitle><addtitle>J Racial Ethn Health Disparities</addtitle><date>2024-12-01</date><risdate>2024</risdate><volume>11</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>3794</spage><epage>3806</epage><pages>3794-3806</pages><issn>2197-3792</issn><issn>2196-8837</issn><eissn>2196-8837</eissn><abstract>Background
In March 2020, the novel 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was declared a pandemic. In May 2020, George Floyd was murdered, catalyzing a national racial reckoning. In the Southern United States, these events occurred in the context of a history of racism and high rates of poverty and discrimination, especially among racially and ethnically minoritized populations.
Objectives
In this study, we examine social vulnerabilities, the perceived impacts of COVID-19 and the national racial reckoning, and how these are associated with depression symptoms in the South.
Methods
Data were collected from 961 adults between June and November 2020 as part of an online survey study on family well-being during COVID-19. The sample was majority female (87.2%) and consisted of 661 White participants, 143 Black participants, and 157 other racial and ethnic minoritized participants. Existing social vulnerability, perceived impact of COVID-19 and racial violence and protests on families, and depressive symptoms were assessed. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to predict variance in depressive symptoms.
Results
Half of the sample (52%) reported a negative impact of COVID-19, and 66% reported a negative impact of national racial violence/protests. Depressive symptoms were common with 49.8% meeting the cutoff for significant depressive symptoms; Black participants had lower levels of depressive symptoms. Results from the hierarchical regression analysis indicate social vulnerabilities and the perceived negative impact of COVID-19 and racial violence/protests each contribute to variance in depressive symptoms. Race-specific sensitivity analysis clarified distinct patterns in predictors of depressive symptoms.
Conclusion
People in the South report being negatively impacted by the confluence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the emergence of racial violence/protests in 2020, though patterns differ by racial group. These events, on top of pre-existing social vulnerabilities, help explain depressive symptoms in the South during 2020.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><pmid>37884856</pmid><doi>10.1007/s40615-023-01831-y</doi><tpages>13</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0687-8856</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| identifier | ISSN: 2197-3792 |
| ispartof | Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2024-12, Vol.11 (6), p.3794-3806 |
| issn | 2197-3792 2196-8837 2196-8837 |
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| source | Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA); MEDLINE; Sociological Abstracts; SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings |
| subjects | Adolescent Adult Aged Aggression Anxiety Black or African American - psychology Black or African American - statistics & numerical data Chronic illnesses Coronaviruses COVID-19 COVID-19 - epidemiology COVID-19 - ethnology COVID-19 - psychology Cross-Sectional Studies Demonstrations & protests Depression - epidemiology Depression - ethnology Discrimination Epidemiology Families & family life Female Floyd, George Health disparities Health risk assessment Health risks Hierarchies Humans Impact analysis Longitudinal studies Male Medicine Medicine & Public Health Mental depression Mental health Middle Aged Mortality Oppression Pandemics Population studies Poverty Quality of Life Research Race Racial discrimination Racial violence Racism Racism - psychology Racism - statistics & numerical data Regression analysis Sensitivity analysis Signs and symptoms Social Inequality Social interactions Social Structure Social Vulnerability Southeastern United States - epidemiology Stress Symptoms Systemic racism Trauma Violence Violence - ethnology Violence - psychology Violence - statistics & numerical data Vulnerability Well being Young Adult |
| title | Social Vulnerability, COVID-19, Racial Violence, and Depressive Symptoms: a Cross-sectional Study in the Southern United States |
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