General anaesthesia, the developing brain, and cerebral white matter alterations: a narrative review

The potential neurotoxic impact of anaesthetic agents has been the subject of sustained debate and continuing research. White matter, which comprises more than half of the brain volume and largely consists of myelinated axonal bundles, is critical for communication between diverse brain regions and for supporting neurobehavioural function. Evidence points to a correlation between exposure to anaesthesia and white matter alterations, which might underpin the ensuing cognitive and behavioural abnormalities. This review summarises the neuropathological and neuroimaging findings related to anaesthesia-induced white matter alterations in the developing brain. Future research is required to understand the effects of anaesthesia exposure on white matter development.