Quantitative assessment of extraocular muscles in Graves’ ophthalmopathy using T1 mapping
Objective To evaluate the performance of T1 mapping in the characterization of extraocular muscles (EOMs) of Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) patients and investigate its feasibility in assessing the response to glucocorticoid therapy in active GO patients. Methods A total of 133 participants (78 active...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | European radiology 2023-12, Vol.33 (12), p.9074-9083 |
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| creator | Zhu, Hongzhang Zou, Mengsha Wu, Dide Li, Bin Su, Yihua Li, Yanbing Hong, Shubin Yang, Zhiyun |
| description | Objective
To evaluate the performance of T1 mapping in the characterization of extraocular muscles (EOMs) of Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) patients and investigate its feasibility in assessing the response to glucocorticoid therapy in active GO patients.
Methods
A total of 133 participants (78 active GO, 23 inactive GO, 18 Graves’ disease (GD) patients, and 14 healthy volunteers) were consecutively enrolled from July 2018 to December 2020. Native T1 (nT1) and postcontrast T1 (cT1) values of EOMs were measured and compared. The variations in T1 mapping metrics of EOMs were compared pre/post glucocorticoid treatment in 23 follow-up active GO patients. Logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were performed.
Results
The nT1 of EOMs in GO patients was higher than that in GD patients and healthy volunteers. The nT1 of superior rectus (SR) in active GO was higher than that in inactive GO patients, and it could be used as a potential marker of GO activity (OR: 1.003; 95% CI: 1.001, 1.004), with a diagnostic sensitivity of 86.3% and specificity of 43.7%. Meanwhile, the cT1 of SR, inferior rectus (IR), and medial rectus (MR) in inactive GO patients were higher than those in active GO patients. The nT1 of EOMs achieved sufficient diagnostic performance in evaluating the response to glucocorticoid therapy for follow-up active GO patients (AUC, 0.797; sensitivity, 71.9%; specificity, 85.7%).
Conclusions
T1 mapping could quantitatively assess the activity of GO and the response to glucocorticoid therapy in active GO patients and may even potentially reflect the fibrosis of EOMs.
Clinical relevance statement
T1 values can reflect the pathological status of the extraocular muscle. T1 mapping could help to quantitatively assess the clinical activity of GO and the response to glucocorticoid therapy in active GO patients.
Key Points
• Graves’ ophthalmopathy patients had greater nT1 of extraocular muscles than Graves’ disease patients and healthy volunteers, and nT1 of the superior rectus could be a potential marker of Graves’ ophthalmopathy activity.
• The cT1 of extraocular muscles in inactive Graves’ ophthalmopathy patients was higher than that in active Graves’ ophthalmopathy patients, and it might be associated with muscle fibrosis.
• nT1 of extraocular muscles could offer sufficient diagnostic performance in evaluating the response to glucocorticoid therapy for follow-up active Graves’ ophthalmopathy patients. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00330-023-09931-3 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2839740734</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2839740734</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c326t-4691703facda4e9d2ef6677d84f5445f4de030329e7b2d2293d40832b6c365b63</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kM1OFUEQRjtEIwi8gAvTiRs3I9Vdfaenl4YompAQEly56PSdqeEOmT-7eojsfA1fjyeh5SISF6yqkjr1VeUI8UbBBwVgjxgAEQrQWIBzqArcEXvKoC4UVObFk35XvGa-AgCnjH0ldtGasrRg98T38yWMqUshddckAzMxDzQmObWSfqYYpnrpQ5TDwnVPLLtRnsRwTXz767ec5k3ahH6Y5pA2N3LhbryUF0oOYZ5zeyBetqFnOnyo--Lb508Xx1-K07OTr8cfT4sadZkKUzplAdtQN8GQazS1-TnbVKZdGbNqTUOAgNqRXetGa4eNgQr1uqyxXK1L3Bfvt7lznH4sxMkPHdfU92GkaWGvK3TWgEWT0Xf_oVfTEsf8XaacrgBUaTOlt1QdJ-ZIrZ9jN4R44xX4P-r9Vr3P6v29eo956e1D9LIeqHlc-es6A7gFOI_GS4r_bj8Tewcmn49f</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2892800167</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Quantitative assessment of extraocular muscles in Graves’ ophthalmopathy using T1 mapping</title><source>SpringerLink Journals</source><creator>Zhu, Hongzhang ; Zou, Mengsha ; Wu, Dide ; Li, Bin ; Su, Yihua ; Li, Yanbing ; Hong, Shubin ; Yang, Zhiyun</creator><creatorcontrib>Zhu, Hongzhang ; Zou, Mengsha ; Wu, Dide ; Li, Bin ; Su, Yihua ; Li, Yanbing ; Hong, Shubin ; Yang, Zhiyun</creatorcontrib><description>Objective
To evaluate the performance of T1 mapping in the characterization of extraocular muscles (EOMs) of Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) patients and investigate its feasibility in assessing the response to glucocorticoid therapy in active GO patients.
Methods
A total of 133 participants (78 active GO, 23 inactive GO, 18 Graves’ disease (GD) patients, and 14 healthy volunteers) were consecutively enrolled from July 2018 to December 2020. Native T1 (nT1) and postcontrast T1 (cT1) values of EOMs were measured and compared. The variations in T1 mapping metrics of EOMs were compared pre/post glucocorticoid treatment in 23 follow-up active GO patients. Logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were performed.
Results
The nT1 of EOMs in GO patients was higher than that in GD patients and healthy volunteers. The nT1 of superior rectus (SR) in active GO was higher than that in inactive GO patients, and it could be used as a potential marker of GO activity (OR: 1.003; 95% CI: 1.001, 1.004), with a diagnostic sensitivity of 86.3% and specificity of 43.7%. Meanwhile, the cT1 of SR, inferior rectus (IR), and medial rectus (MR) in inactive GO patients were higher than those in active GO patients. The nT1 of EOMs achieved sufficient diagnostic performance in evaluating the response to glucocorticoid therapy for follow-up active GO patients (AUC, 0.797; sensitivity, 71.9%; specificity, 85.7%).
Conclusions
T1 mapping could quantitatively assess the activity of GO and the response to glucocorticoid therapy in active GO patients and may even potentially reflect the fibrosis of EOMs.
Clinical relevance statement
T1 values can reflect the pathological status of the extraocular muscle. T1 mapping could help to quantitatively assess the clinical activity of GO and the response to glucocorticoid therapy in active GO patients.
Key Points
• Graves’ ophthalmopathy patients had greater nT1 of extraocular muscles than Graves’ disease patients and healthy volunteers, and nT1 of the superior rectus could be a potential marker of Graves’ ophthalmopathy activity.
• The cT1 of extraocular muscles in inactive Graves’ ophthalmopathy patients was higher than that in active Graves’ ophthalmopathy patients, and it might be associated with muscle fibrosis.
• nT1 of extraocular muscles could offer sufficient diagnostic performance in evaluating the response to glucocorticoid therapy for follow-up active Graves’ ophthalmopathy patients.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1432-1084</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 0938-7994</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1432-1084</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00330-023-09931-3</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37466707</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Diagnostic Radiology ; Diagnostic systems ; Fibrosis ; Glucocorticoids ; Graves disease ; Head and Neck ; Imaging ; Internal Medicine ; Interventional Radiology ; Mapping ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Muscles ; Neuroradiology ; Neurotrophin 1 ; Oculomotor system ; Patients ; Performance evaluation ; Radiology ; Regression analysis ; Therapy ; Ultrasound</subject><ispartof>European radiology, 2023-12, Vol.33 (12), p.9074-9083</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to European Society of Radiology 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><rights>2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to European Society of Radiology.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c326t-4691703facda4e9d2ef6677d84f5445f4de030329e7b2d2293d40832b6c365b63</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-6139-9049</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00330-023-09931-3$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00330-023-09931-3$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37466707$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Zhu, Hongzhang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zou, Mengsha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Dide</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Bin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Su, Yihua</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Yanbing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hong, Shubin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Zhiyun</creatorcontrib><title>Quantitative assessment of extraocular muscles in Graves’ ophthalmopathy using T1 mapping</title><title>European radiology</title><addtitle>Eur Radiol</addtitle><addtitle>Eur Radiol</addtitle><description>Objective
To evaluate the performance of T1 mapping in the characterization of extraocular muscles (EOMs) of Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) patients and investigate its feasibility in assessing the response to glucocorticoid therapy in active GO patients.
Methods
A total of 133 participants (78 active GO, 23 inactive GO, 18 Graves’ disease (GD) patients, and 14 healthy volunteers) were consecutively enrolled from July 2018 to December 2020. Native T1 (nT1) and postcontrast T1 (cT1) values of EOMs were measured and compared. The variations in T1 mapping metrics of EOMs were compared pre/post glucocorticoid treatment in 23 follow-up active GO patients. Logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were performed.
Results
The nT1 of EOMs in GO patients was higher than that in GD patients and healthy volunteers. The nT1 of superior rectus (SR) in active GO was higher than that in inactive GO patients, and it could be used as a potential marker of GO activity (OR: 1.003; 95% CI: 1.001, 1.004), with a diagnostic sensitivity of 86.3% and specificity of 43.7%. Meanwhile, the cT1 of SR, inferior rectus (IR), and medial rectus (MR) in inactive GO patients were higher than those in active GO patients. The nT1 of EOMs achieved sufficient diagnostic performance in evaluating the response to glucocorticoid therapy for follow-up active GO patients (AUC, 0.797; sensitivity, 71.9%; specificity, 85.7%).
Conclusions
T1 mapping could quantitatively assess the activity of GO and the response to glucocorticoid therapy in active GO patients and may even potentially reflect the fibrosis of EOMs.
Clinical relevance statement
T1 values can reflect the pathological status of the extraocular muscle. T1 mapping could help to quantitatively assess the clinical activity of GO and the response to glucocorticoid therapy in active GO patients.
Key Points
• Graves’ ophthalmopathy patients had greater nT1 of extraocular muscles than Graves’ disease patients and healthy volunteers, and nT1 of the superior rectus could be a potential marker of Graves’ ophthalmopathy activity.
• The cT1 of extraocular muscles in inactive Graves’ ophthalmopathy patients was higher than that in active Graves’ ophthalmopathy patients, and it might be associated with muscle fibrosis.
• nT1 of extraocular muscles could offer sufficient diagnostic performance in evaluating the response to glucocorticoid therapy for follow-up active Graves’ ophthalmopathy patients.</description><subject>Diagnostic Radiology</subject><subject>Diagnostic systems</subject><subject>Fibrosis</subject><subject>Glucocorticoids</subject><subject>Graves disease</subject><subject>Head and Neck</subject><subject>Imaging</subject><subject>Internal Medicine</subject><subject>Interventional Radiology</subject><subject>Mapping</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Muscles</subject><subject>Neuroradiology</subject><subject>Neurotrophin 1</subject><subject>Oculomotor system</subject><subject>Patients</subject><subject>Performance evaluation</subject><subject>Radiology</subject><subject>Regression analysis</subject><subject>Therapy</subject><subject>Ultrasound</subject><issn>1432-1084</issn><issn>0938-7994</issn><issn>1432-1084</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kM1OFUEQRjtEIwi8gAvTiRs3I9Vdfaenl4YompAQEly56PSdqeEOmT-7eojsfA1fjyeh5SISF6yqkjr1VeUI8UbBBwVgjxgAEQrQWIBzqArcEXvKoC4UVObFk35XvGa-AgCnjH0ldtGasrRg98T38yWMqUshddckAzMxDzQmObWSfqYYpnrpQ5TDwnVPLLtRnsRwTXz767ec5k3ahH6Y5pA2N3LhbryUF0oOYZ5zeyBetqFnOnyo--Lb508Xx1-K07OTr8cfT4sadZkKUzplAdtQN8GQazS1-TnbVKZdGbNqTUOAgNqRXetGa4eNgQr1uqyxXK1L3Bfvt7lznH4sxMkPHdfU92GkaWGvK3TWgEWT0Xf_oVfTEsf8XaacrgBUaTOlt1QdJ-ZIrZ9jN4R44xX4P-r9Vr3P6v29eo956e1D9LIeqHlc-es6A7gFOI_GS4r_bj8Tewcmn49f</recordid><startdate>20231201</startdate><enddate>20231201</enddate><creator>Zhu, Hongzhang</creator><creator>Zou, Mengsha</creator><creator>Wu, Dide</creator><creator>Li, Bin</creator><creator>Su, Yihua</creator><creator>Li, Yanbing</creator><creator>Hong, Shubin</creator><creator>Yang, Zhiyun</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QO</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ARAPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P5Z</scope><scope>P62</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6139-9049</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20231201</creationdate><title>Quantitative assessment of extraocular muscles in Graves’ ophthalmopathy using T1 mapping</title><author>Zhu, Hongzhang ; Zou, Mengsha ; Wu, Dide ; Li, Bin ; Su, Yihua ; Li, Yanbing ; Hong, Shubin ; Yang, Zhiyun</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c326t-4691703facda4e9d2ef6677d84f5445f4de030329e7b2d2293d40832b6c365b63</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Diagnostic Radiology</topic><topic>Diagnostic systems</topic><topic>Fibrosis</topic><topic>Glucocorticoids</topic><topic>Graves disease</topic><topic>Head and Neck</topic><topic>Imaging</topic><topic>Internal Medicine</topic><topic>Interventional Radiology</topic><topic>Mapping</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Muscles</topic><topic>Neuroradiology</topic><topic>Neurotrophin 1</topic><topic>Oculomotor system</topic><topic>Patients</topic><topic>Performance evaluation</topic><topic>Radiology</topic><topic>Regression analysis</topic><topic>Therapy</topic><topic>Ultrasound</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Zhu, Hongzhang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zou, Mengsha</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wu, Dide</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Bin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Su, Yihua</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Yanbing</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hong, Shubin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yang, Zhiyun</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Biotechnology Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Technology Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Technology Collection</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Advanced Technologies & Aerospace Collection</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>European radiology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Zhu, Hongzhang</au><au>Zou, Mengsha</au><au>Wu, Dide</au><au>Li, Bin</au><au>Su, Yihua</au><au>Li, Yanbing</au><au>Hong, Shubin</au><au>Yang, Zhiyun</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Quantitative assessment of extraocular muscles in Graves’ ophthalmopathy using T1 mapping</atitle><jtitle>European radiology</jtitle><stitle>Eur Radiol</stitle><addtitle>Eur Radiol</addtitle><date>2023-12-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>33</volume><issue>12</issue><spage>9074</spage><epage>9083</epage><pages>9074-9083</pages><issn>1432-1084</issn><issn>0938-7994</issn><eissn>1432-1084</eissn><abstract>Objective
To evaluate the performance of T1 mapping in the characterization of extraocular muscles (EOMs) of Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) patients and investigate its feasibility in assessing the response to glucocorticoid therapy in active GO patients.
Methods
A total of 133 participants (78 active GO, 23 inactive GO, 18 Graves’ disease (GD) patients, and 14 healthy volunteers) were consecutively enrolled from July 2018 to December 2020. Native T1 (nT1) and postcontrast T1 (cT1) values of EOMs were measured and compared. The variations in T1 mapping metrics of EOMs were compared pre/post glucocorticoid treatment in 23 follow-up active GO patients. Logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were performed.
Results
The nT1 of EOMs in GO patients was higher than that in GD patients and healthy volunteers. The nT1 of superior rectus (SR) in active GO was higher than that in inactive GO patients, and it could be used as a potential marker of GO activity (OR: 1.003; 95% CI: 1.001, 1.004), with a diagnostic sensitivity of 86.3% and specificity of 43.7%. Meanwhile, the cT1 of SR, inferior rectus (IR), and medial rectus (MR) in inactive GO patients were higher than those in active GO patients. The nT1 of EOMs achieved sufficient diagnostic performance in evaluating the response to glucocorticoid therapy for follow-up active GO patients (AUC, 0.797; sensitivity, 71.9%; specificity, 85.7%).
Conclusions
T1 mapping could quantitatively assess the activity of GO and the response to glucocorticoid therapy in active GO patients and may even potentially reflect the fibrosis of EOMs.
Clinical relevance statement
T1 values can reflect the pathological status of the extraocular muscle. T1 mapping could help to quantitatively assess the clinical activity of GO and the response to glucocorticoid therapy in active GO patients.
Key Points
• Graves’ ophthalmopathy patients had greater nT1 of extraocular muscles than Graves’ disease patients and healthy volunteers, and nT1 of the superior rectus could be a potential marker of Graves’ ophthalmopathy activity.
• The cT1 of extraocular muscles in inactive Graves’ ophthalmopathy patients was higher than that in active Graves’ ophthalmopathy patients, and it might be associated with muscle fibrosis.
• nT1 of extraocular muscles could offer sufficient diagnostic performance in evaluating the response to glucocorticoid therapy for follow-up active Graves’ ophthalmopathy patients.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>37466707</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00330-023-09931-3</doi><tpages>10</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6139-9049</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Diagnostic Radiology Diagnostic systems Fibrosis Glucocorticoids Graves disease Head and Neck Imaging Internal Medicine Interventional Radiology Mapping Medicine Medicine & Public Health Muscles Neuroradiology Neurotrophin 1 Oculomotor system Patients Performance evaluation Radiology Regression analysis Therapy Ultrasound |
| title | Quantitative assessment of extraocular muscles in Graves’ ophthalmopathy using T1 mapping |
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