Conversion of water-soluble CBD to ∆9-THC in synthetic gastric fluid—An unlikely cause of positive drug tests

Conversion of water-soluble CBD to ∆9-THC in synthetic gastric fluid—An unlikely cause of positive drug tests

Abstract Cannabidiol (CBD) has been shown to convert to ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) in acidic environments, raising a concern of conversion when exposed to gastric fluid after consumption. Using synthetic gastric fluid (SGF), it has been demonstrated that the conversion requires surfactants, su...

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Veröffentlicht in:Journal of analytical toxicology 2023-09, Vol.47 (7), p.632-635
Hauptverfasser: Hart, E. Dale, Mullen, Lawrance, Vikingsson, Svante, Cone, Edward J, Winecker, Ruth E, Hayes, Eugene D, Flegel, Ronald R
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container_end_page 635
container_issue 7
container_start_page 632
container_title Journal of analytical toxicology
container_volume 47
creator Hart, E. Dale
Mullen, Lawrance
Vikingsson, Svante
Cone, Edward J
Winecker, Ruth E
Hayes, Eugene D
Flegel, Ronald R
description Abstract Cannabidiol (CBD) has been shown to convert to ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) in acidic environments, raising a concern of conversion when exposed to gastric fluid after consumption. Using synthetic gastric fluid (SGF), it has been demonstrated that the conversion requires surfactants, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), due to limited solubility of CBD. Recently, water-compatible nanoemulsions of CBD have been prepared as a means of fortifying beverages and water-based foods with CBD. Since these emulsions contain surfactants as part of their formulation, it is possible that these preparations might enhance the production of ∆9-THC even in the absence of added surfactants. Three THC-free CBD products, an oil, an anhydrous powder and a water-soluble formulation, were incubated for 3 h in SGF without SDS. The water-soluble CBD product produced a dispersion, while the powder and the oil did not mix with the SGF. No THC was detected with the CBD oil (
doi_str_mv 10.1093/jat/bkad043
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Dale ; Mullen, Lawrance ; Vikingsson, Svante ; Cone, Edward J ; Winecker, Ruth E ; Hayes, Eugene D ; Flegel, Ronald R</creator><creatorcontrib>Hart, E. Dale ; Mullen, Lawrance ; Vikingsson, Svante ; Cone, Edward J ; Winecker, Ruth E ; Hayes, Eugene D ; Flegel, Ronald R</creatorcontrib><description>Abstract Cannabidiol (CBD) has been shown to convert to ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) in acidic environments, raising a concern of conversion when exposed to gastric fluid after consumption. Using synthetic gastric fluid (SGF), it has been demonstrated that the conversion requires surfactants, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), due to limited solubility of CBD. Recently, water-compatible nanoemulsions of CBD have been prepared as a means of fortifying beverages and water-based foods with CBD. Since these emulsions contain surfactants as part of their formulation, it is possible that these preparations might enhance the production of ∆9-THC even in the absence of added surfactants. Three THC-free CBD products, an oil, an anhydrous powder and a water-soluble formulation, were incubated for 3 h in SGF without SDS. The water-soluble CBD product produced a dispersion, while the powder and the oil did not mix with the SGF. No THC was detected with the CBD oil (&lt;0.0006% conversion), and up to 0.063% and 0.0045% conversion to ∆9-THC was observed with the water-soluble CBD and the CBD powder, respectively. No formation of ∆8-THC was observed. In comparison, when the nano-formulated CBD was incubated in SGF with 1% SDS, 33–36% conversion to ∆9-THC was observed. Even though the rate of conversion with the water-soluble CBD was at least 100-fold higher compared to the CBD oil, it was still smaller than ∆9-THC levels reported in CBD products labeled “THC-free” or “&lt;0.3% THC” based on the Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018 (the Farm Bill). 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Recently, water-compatible nanoemulsions of CBD have been prepared as a means of fortifying beverages and water-based foods with CBD. Since these emulsions contain surfactants as part of their formulation, it is possible that these preparations might enhance the production of ∆9-THC even in the absence of added surfactants. Three THC-free CBD products, an oil, an anhydrous powder and a water-soluble formulation, were incubated for 3 h in SGF without SDS. The water-soluble CBD product produced a dispersion, while the powder and the oil did not mix with the SGF. No THC was detected with the CBD oil (&lt;0.0006% conversion), and up to 0.063% and 0.0045% conversion to ∆9-THC was observed with the water-soluble CBD and the CBD powder, respectively. No formation of ∆8-THC was observed. In comparison, when the nano-formulated CBD was incubated in SGF with 1% SDS, 33–36% conversion to ∆9-THC was observed. 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Dale</au><au>Mullen, Lawrance</au><au>Vikingsson, Svante</au><au>Cone, Edward J</au><au>Winecker, Ruth E</au><au>Hayes, Eugene D</au><au>Flegel, Ronald R</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Conversion of water-soluble CBD to ∆9-THC in synthetic gastric fluid—An unlikely cause of positive drug tests</atitle><jtitle>Journal of analytical toxicology</jtitle><date>2023-09-15</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>47</volume><issue>7</issue><spage>632</spage><epage>635</epage><pages>632-635</pages><issn>0146-4760</issn><eissn>1945-2403</eissn><abstract>Abstract Cannabidiol (CBD) has been shown to convert to ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC) in acidic environments, raising a concern of conversion when exposed to gastric fluid after consumption. Using synthetic gastric fluid (SGF), it has been demonstrated that the conversion requires surfactants, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), due to limited solubility of CBD. Recently, water-compatible nanoemulsions of CBD have been prepared as a means of fortifying beverages and water-based foods with CBD. Since these emulsions contain surfactants as part of their formulation, it is possible that these preparations might enhance the production of ∆9-THC even in the absence of added surfactants. Three THC-free CBD products, an oil, an anhydrous powder and a water-soluble formulation, were incubated for 3 h in SGF without SDS. The water-soluble CBD product produced a dispersion, while the powder and the oil did not mix with the SGF. No THC was detected with the CBD oil (&lt;0.0006% conversion), and up to 0.063% and 0.0045% conversion to ∆9-THC was observed with the water-soluble CBD and the CBD powder, respectively. No formation of ∆8-THC was observed. In comparison, when the nano-formulated CBD was incubated in SGF with 1% SDS, 33–36% conversion to ∆9-THC was observed. 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title Conversion of water-soluble CBD to ∆9-THC in synthetic gastric fluid—An unlikely cause of positive drug tests
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