Arena surface vertical impact forces vary with surface compaction
Mechanical properties of arena surfaces are extrinsic factors for musculoskeletal injury. Vertical impact forces of harrowed and compacted cushion were measured at five locations on 12 arena surfaces (five dirt, seven synthetic [dirt and fiber]). Eight variables related to impact force, displacement...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | The veterinary journal (1997) 2023-03, Vol.293, p.105955-105955, Article 105955 |
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| container_title | The veterinary journal (1997) |
| container_volume | 293 |
| creator | Rohlf, C.M. Garcia, T.C. Fyhrie, D.P. le Jeune, S.S. Peterson, M.L. Stover, S.M. |
| description | Mechanical properties of arena surfaces are extrinsic factors for musculoskeletal injury. Vertical impact forces of harrowed and compacted cushion were measured at five locations on 12 arena surfaces (five dirt, seven synthetic [dirt and fiber]). Eight variables related to impact force, displacement, and acceleration were calculated. Surface temperature, cushion depth and moisture content were also measured. The effects of surface material type (dirt/synthetic) and cushion compaction (harrowed/compacted) on vertical impact properties were assessed using an analysis of variance. Relationships of manageable surface properties with vertical impact forces were examined through correlations.
Compacted cushion exhibited markedly higher vertical impact force and deceleration with lower vertical displacement than harrowed cushion (P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.105955 |
| format | Article |
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Compacted cushion exhibited markedly higher vertical impact force and deceleration with lower vertical displacement than harrowed cushion (P < 0.001), and the effect was greater on dirt than synthetic surfaces (P = 0.039). Vertical displacement (P = 0.021) and soil rebound (P = 0.005) were the only variables affected by surface type. Surface compaction (harrowed, compacted) had a significantly greater effect on vertical impact forces than surface type (dirt, synthetic). By reducing surface compaction through harrowing, extrinsic factors related to musculoskeletal injury risk are reduced. These benefits were more pronounced on dirt than synthetic surfaces. These results indicate that arena owners should regularly harrow surfaces, particularly dirt surfaces.
•Surface compaction had a greater effect on vertical impact force than surface type.•Compacted cushion had larger vertical impact forces than harrowed cushion.•The effect of compaction was magnified on dirt surfaces.•Surfaces should be regularly harrowed to reduce compaction.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1090-0233</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1532-2971</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.105955</identifier><identifier>PMID: 36781018</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>analysis of variance ; Animals ; Arena surface ; Compaction ; Equine ; musculoskeletal system ; risk ; Running ; soil ; Surface Properties ; surface temperature ; Vertical impact ; water content</subject><ispartof>The veterinary journal (1997), 2023-03, Vol.293, p.105955-105955, Article 105955</ispartof><rights>2023 The Authors</rights><rights>Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c433t-f90a791a32901e715d091ac984535eea03f0437e5b89a382a060eb44fd6210f43</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c433t-f90a791a32901e715d091ac984535eea03f0437e5b89a382a060eb44fd6210f43</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090023323000060$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27901,27902,65306</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36781018$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Rohlf, C.M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Garcia, T.C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fyhrie, D.P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>le Jeune, S.S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peterson, M.L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stover, S.M.</creatorcontrib><title>Arena surface vertical impact forces vary with surface compaction</title><title>The veterinary journal (1997)</title><addtitle>Vet J</addtitle><description>Mechanical properties of arena surfaces are extrinsic factors for musculoskeletal injury. Vertical impact forces of harrowed and compacted cushion were measured at five locations on 12 arena surfaces (five dirt, seven synthetic [dirt and fiber]). Eight variables related to impact force, displacement, and acceleration were calculated. Surface temperature, cushion depth and moisture content were also measured. The effects of surface material type (dirt/synthetic) and cushion compaction (harrowed/compacted) on vertical impact properties were assessed using an analysis of variance. Relationships of manageable surface properties with vertical impact forces were examined through correlations.
Compacted cushion exhibited markedly higher vertical impact force and deceleration with lower vertical displacement than harrowed cushion (P < 0.001), and the effect was greater on dirt than synthetic surfaces (P = 0.039). Vertical displacement (P = 0.021) and soil rebound (P = 0.005) were the only variables affected by surface type. Surface compaction (harrowed, compacted) had a significantly greater effect on vertical impact forces than surface type (dirt, synthetic). By reducing surface compaction through harrowing, extrinsic factors related to musculoskeletal injury risk are reduced. These benefits were more pronounced on dirt than synthetic surfaces. These results indicate that arena owners should regularly harrow surfaces, particularly dirt surfaces.
•Surface compaction had a greater effect on vertical impact force than surface type.•Compacted cushion had larger vertical impact forces than harrowed cushion.•The effect of compaction was magnified on dirt surfaces.•Surfaces should be regularly harrowed to reduce compaction.</description><subject>analysis of variance</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Arena surface</subject><subject>Compaction</subject><subject>Equine</subject><subject>musculoskeletal system</subject><subject>risk</subject><subject>Running</subject><subject>soil</subject><subject>Surface Properties</subject><subject>surface temperature</subject><subject>Vertical impact</subject><subject>water content</subject><issn>1090-0233</issn><issn>1532-2971</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkLtOwzAUQC0EoqXwAwwoI0vK9SuOJZYK8ZIqscBsuc6NcJQ0xU6L-HtcWjrC5Ne5R_Ih5JLClAItbprpsGnaKQPG04XUUh6RMZWc5Uwrepz2oCFPr3xEzmJsAEALwU7JiBeqTIpyTGazgEubxXWorcNsg2HwzraZ71bWDVndB4cx29jwlX364f0Auv4H8P3ynJzUto14sV8n5O3h_vXuKZ-_PD7fzea5E5wPea3BKk0tZxooKiorSCenSyG5RLTAaxBcoVyU2vKSWSgAF0LUVcEo1IJPyPXOuwr9xxrjYDofHbatXWK_joaVXDAFJaj_UaUKSYtSbK1sh7rQxxiwNqvgu_RdQ8FsK5vGbCubbWWzq5yGrvb-9aLD6jDymzUBtzsAU5CNx2Ci87h0WPmAbjBV7__yfwMApoxS</recordid><startdate>202303</startdate><enddate>202303</enddate><creator>Rohlf, C.M.</creator><creator>Garcia, T.C.</creator><creator>Fyhrie, D.P.</creator><creator>le Jeune, S.S.</creator><creator>Peterson, M.L.</creator><creator>Stover, S.M.</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><scope>6I.</scope><scope>AAFTH</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><scope>7S9</scope><scope>L.6</scope></search><sort><creationdate>202303</creationdate><title>Arena surface vertical impact forces vary with surface compaction</title><author>Rohlf, C.M. ; Garcia, T.C. ; Fyhrie, D.P. ; le Jeune, S.S. ; Peterson, M.L. ; Stover, S.M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c433t-f90a791a32901e715d091ac984535eea03f0437e5b89a382a060eb44fd6210f43</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>analysis of variance</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Arena surface</topic><topic>Compaction</topic><topic>Equine</topic><topic>musculoskeletal system</topic><topic>risk</topic><topic>Running</topic><topic>soil</topic><topic>Surface Properties</topic><topic>surface temperature</topic><topic>Vertical impact</topic><topic>water content</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Rohlf, C.M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Garcia, T.C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fyhrie, D.P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>le Jeune, S.S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Peterson, M.L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Stover, S.M.</creatorcontrib><collection>ScienceDirect Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Elsevier:ScienceDirect:Open Access</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><collection>AGRICOLA</collection><collection>AGRICOLA - Academic</collection><jtitle>The veterinary journal (1997)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Rohlf, C.M.</au><au>Garcia, T.C.</au><au>Fyhrie, D.P.</au><au>le Jeune, S.S.</au><au>Peterson, M.L.</au><au>Stover, S.M.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Arena surface vertical impact forces vary with surface compaction</atitle><jtitle>The veterinary journal (1997)</jtitle><addtitle>Vet J</addtitle><date>2023-03</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>293</volume><spage>105955</spage><epage>105955</epage><pages>105955-105955</pages><artnum>105955</artnum><issn>1090-0233</issn><eissn>1532-2971</eissn><abstract>Mechanical properties of arena surfaces are extrinsic factors for musculoskeletal injury. Vertical impact forces of harrowed and compacted cushion were measured at five locations on 12 arena surfaces (five dirt, seven synthetic [dirt and fiber]). Eight variables related to impact force, displacement, and acceleration were calculated. Surface temperature, cushion depth and moisture content were also measured. The effects of surface material type (dirt/synthetic) and cushion compaction (harrowed/compacted) on vertical impact properties were assessed using an analysis of variance. Relationships of manageable surface properties with vertical impact forces were examined through correlations.
Compacted cushion exhibited markedly higher vertical impact force and deceleration with lower vertical displacement than harrowed cushion (P < 0.001), and the effect was greater on dirt than synthetic surfaces (P = 0.039). Vertical displacement (P = 0.021) and soil rebound (P = 0.005) were the only variables affected by surface type. Surface compaction (harrowed, compacted) had a significantly greater effect on vertical impact forces than surface type (dirt, synthetic). By reducing surface compaction through harrowing, extrinsic factors related to musculoskeletal injury risk are reduced. These benefits were more pronounced on dirt than synthetic surfaces. These results indicate that arena owners should regularly harrow surfaces, particularly dirt surfaces.
•Surface compaction had a greater effect on vertical impact force than surface type.•Compacted cushion had larger vertical impact forces than harrowed cushion.•The effect of compaction was magnified on dirt surfaces.•Surfaces should be regularly harrowed to reduce compaction.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>36781018</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.105955</doi><tpages>1</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals |
| subjects | analysis of variance Animals Arena surface Compaction Equine musculoskeletal system risk Running soil Surface Properties surface temperature Vertical impact water content |
| title | Arena surface vertical impact forces vary with surface compaction |
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