Modulation of the Microbiome–Fat–Liver Axis by Lactic Acid Bacteria: A Potential Alleviated Role in High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obese Mice

The major characteristics of obesity are abnormal lipid metabolism, chronic inflammation, and imbalanced gut microbiota. It has been reported that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) possess potential for alleviating obesity, considering which the strain-specific functions and diverse mechanisms and the roles and mechanisms of various LAB are worthy of investigation. This study aimed to validate and investigate the alleviating effects and underlying mechanisms of three LAB strains, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NCUH001046 (LP), Limosilactobacillus reuteri NCUH064003, and Limosilactobacillus fermentum NCUH003068 (LF), in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. The findings demonstrated that the three strains, particularly LP, suppressed body weight gain and fat deposition; ameliorated lipid disorders, liver and adipocyte morphology, and chronic low-grade inflammation; and reduced lipid synthesis via activating the adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. In addition, LP and LF decreased the enrichment of bacteria positively correlated with obesity, like Mucispirillum, Olsenella, and Streptococcus, but facilitated the growth of beneficial bacteria negatively correlated with obesity, like Roseburia, Coprococcus, and Bacteroides, along with increasing the short-chain fatty acid levels. It is deduced that the underlying alleviating mechanism of LP was to modulate the hepatic AMPK signaling pathway and gut microbiota by the microbiome–fat–liver axis to alleviate obesity development. In conclusion, as a diet supplement, LP has promising potential in obesity prevention and treatment.