Midfrontal theta phase underlies evidence accumulation and response thresholding in cognitive control

Abstract Cognitive control involves evidence accumulation and response thresholding, but the neural underpinnings of these 2 processes are poorly understood. Based on recent findings that midfrontal theta phase coordinates the correlation between theta power and reaction time during cognitive control, this study investigated whether and how theta phase would modulate the relationships between theta power and evidence accumulation and response thresholding in human participants when they performed a flanker task. Our results confirmed the modulation of theta phase on the correlations between ongoing midfrontal theta power and reaction time under both conditions. Using hierarchical drift-diffusion regression modeling, we found that in both conditions, theta power was positively associated with boundary separation in phase bins with optimal power–reaction time correlations, whereas the power–boundary correlation decreased to nonsignificance in phase bins with reduced power–reaction time correlations. In contrast, the power–drift rate correlation was not modulated by theta phase, but by cognitive conflict. Drift rate was positively correlated with theta power for the bottom-up processing in the non-conflict condition, whereas it was negatively correlated with theta power for the top-down control to address conflict. These findings suggest that evidence accumulation is likely to be a phase-coordinated continuous process, whereas thresholding may be a phase-specific transient process.