Goal-Directed Recruitment of Pavlovian Biases Through Selective Visual Attention
Prospective outcomes bias behavior in a "Pavlovian" manner: Reward prospect invigorates action, while punishment prospect suppresses it. Theories have posited Pavlovian biases as global action "priors" in unfamiliar or uncontrollable environments. However, this account fails to e...
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description | Prospective outcomes bias behavior in a "Pavlovian" manner: Reward prospect invigorates action, while punishment prospect suppresses it. Theories have posited Pavlovian biases as global action "priors" in unfamiliar or uncontrollable environments. However, this account fails to explain the strength of these biases-causing frequent action slips-even in well-known environments. We propose that Pavlovian control is additionally useful if flexibly recruited by instrumental control. Specifically, instrumental action plans might shape selective attention to reward/punishment information and thus the input to Pavlovian control. In two eye-tracking samples (N = 35/64), we observed that Go/NoGo action plans influenced when and for how long participants attended to reward/punishment information, which in turn biased their responses in a Pavlovian manner. Participants with stronger attentional effects showed higher performance. Thus, humans appear to align Pavlovian control with their instrumental action plans, extending its role beyond action defaults to a powerful tool ensuring robust action execution.
Public Significance Statement
This study suggests that Pavlovian biases, a fast-and-frugal decision strategy that may trigger suboptimal choices in certain contexts, are not a permanent, immutable force upon behavior. Instead, they are flexibly recruited depending on the action a person is planning: Given the plan to make/withhold actions, people preferably attend to reward-/punishment-related information, which in turn triggers Pavlovian biases that facilitate the implementation of these plans. Stronger "outsourcing" of action implementation to such an attentional recruitment of Pavlovian biases leads to higher performance. These findings highlight how Pavlovian biases are more flexible than previously thought and how strong biases can be of advantage. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1037/xge0001425 |
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Public Significance Statement
This study suggests that Pavlovian biases, a fast-and-frugal decision strategy that may trigger suboptimal choices in certain contexts, are not a permanent, immutable force upon behavior. Instead, they are flexibly recruited depending on the action a person is planning: Given the plan to make/withhold actions, people preferably attend to reward-/punishment-related information, which in turn triggers Pavlovian biases that facilitate the implementation of these plans. Stronger "outsourcing" of action implementation to such an attentional recruitment of Pavlovian biases leads to higher performance. These findings highlight how Pavlovian biases are more flexible than previously thought and how strong biases can be of advantage.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0096-3445</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1939-2222</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1037/xge0001425</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37199975</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: American Psychological Association</publisher><subject>Attentional Bias ; Behavior ; Bias ; Classical Conditioning ; Cognition & reasoning ; Experimental psychology ; Female ; Goals ; Human ; Male ; Rewards ; Visual Attention ; Visual Tracking</subject><ispartof>Journal of experimental psychology. General, 2023-10, Vol.152 (10), p.2941-2956</ispartof><rights>2023 American Psychological Association</rights><rights>2023, American Psychological Association</rights><rights>Copyright American Psychological Association Oct 2023</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a418t-15a5bda1c05ecd6903727721bf80e9892a2f52dad88a4a40733fa430ce98bdb73</citedby><orcidid>0000-0002-1694-7069</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27923,27924</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37199975$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Brown-Schmidt, Sarah</contributor><creatorcontrib>Algermissen, Johannes</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>den Ouden, Hanneke E. M.</creatorcontrib><title>Goal-Directed Recruitment of Pavlovian Biases Through Selective Visual Attention</title><title>Journal of experimental psychology. General</title><addtitle>J Exp Psychol Gen</addtitle><description>Prospective outcomes bias behavior in a "Pavlovian" manner: Reward prospect invigorates action, while punishment prospect suppresses it. Theories have posited Pavlovian biases as global action "priors" in unfamiliar or uncontrollable environments. However, this account fails to explain the strength of these biases-causing frequent action slips-even in well-known environments. We propose that Pavlovian control is additionally useful if flexibly recruited by instrumental control. Specifically, instrumental action plans might shape selective attention to reward/punishment information and thus the input to Pavlovian control. In two eye-tracking samples (N = 35/64), we observed that Go/NoGo action plans influenced when and for how long participants attended to reward/punishment information, which in turn biased their responses in a Pavlovian manner. Participants with stronger attentional effects showed higher performance. Thus, humans appear to align Pavlovian control with their instrumental action plans, extending its role beyond action defaults to a powerful tool ensuring robust action execution.
Public Significance Statement
This study suggests that Pavlovian biases, a fast-and-frugal decision strategy that may trigger suboptimal choices in certain contexts, are not a permanent, immutable force upon behavior. Instead, they are flexibly recruited depending on the action a person is planning: Given the plan to make/withhold actions, people preferably attend to reward-/punishment-related information, which in turn triggers Pavlovian biases that facilitate the implementation of these plans. Stronger "outsourcing" of action implementation to such an attentional recruitment of Pavlovian biases leads to higher performance. These findings highlight how Pavlovian biases are more flexible than previously thought and how strong biases can be of advantage.</description><subject>Attentional Bias</subject><subject>Behavior</subject><subject>Bias</subject><subject>Classical Conditioning</subject><subject>Cognition & reasoning</subject><subject>Experimental psychology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Goals</subject><subject>Human</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Rewards</subject><subject>Visual Attention</subject><subject>Visual Tracking</subject><issn>0096-3445</issn><issn>1939-2222</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqF0UtLxDAQB_Agiq6Pix9ACl5EqOa5aY6-FQTF17VM06lGus2atIt-e7OsD_BiLjnkN38yM4RsM3rAqNCH789IKWWSqyUyYkaYnKezTEaUmnEupFRrZD3G14SoKMarZE1oZozRakRuLzy0-akLaHusszu0YXD9BLs-8012C7PWzxx02bGDiDF7eAl-eH7J7rFNBW6G2ZOLA7TZUd-nGue7TbLSQBtx6-veII_nZw8nl_n1zcXVydF1DpIVfc4UqKoGZqlCW49N6oNrzVnVFBRNYTjwRvEa6qIACZJqIRqQgtr0WNWVFhtkb5E7Df5twNiXExctti106IdY8oIprqiSItHdP_TVD6FLv0tKS6U0Vf8oJk2REEtqf6Fs8DEGbMppcBMIHyWj5Xwb5e82Et75ihyqCdY_9Hv8CRwsAEyhnMYPC6F3tsVohxDSPOdhZepjHs6NZOITPQGTdA</recordid><startdate>20231001</startdate><enddate>20231001</enddate><creator>Algermissen, Johannes</creator><creator>den Ouden, Hanneke E. M.</creator><general>American Psychological Association</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7RZ</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1694-7069</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20231001</creationdate><title>Goal-Directed Recruitment of Pavlovian Biases Through Selective Visual Attention</title><author>Algermissen, Johannes ; den Ouden, Hanneke E. M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a418t-15a5bda1c05ecd6903727721bf80e9892a2f52dad88a4a40733fa430ce98bdb73</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Attentional Bias</topic><topic>Behavior</topic><topic>Bias</topic><topic>Classical Conditioning</topic><topic>Cognition & reasoning</topic><topic>Experimental psychology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Goals</topic><topic>Human</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Rewards</topic><topic>Visual Attention</topic><topic>Visual Tracking</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Algermissen, Johannes</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>den Ouden, Hanneke E. M.</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>APA PsycArticles®</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of experimental psychology. General</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Algermissen, Johannes</au><au>den Ouden, Hanneke E. M.</au><au>Brown-Schmidt, Sarah</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Goal-Directed Recruitment of Pavlovian Biases Through Selective Visual Attention</atitle><jtitle>Journal of experimental psychology. General</jtitle><addtitle>J Exp Psychol Gen</addtitle><date>2023-10-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>152</volume><issue>10</issue><spage>2941</spage><epage>2956</epage><pages>2941-2956</pages><issn>0096-3445</issn><eissn>1939-2222</eissn><abstract>Prospective outcomes bias behavior in a "Pavlovian" manner: Reward prospect invigorates action, while punishment prospect suppresses it. Theories have posited Pavlovian biases as global action "priors" in unfamiliar or uncontrollable environments. However, this account fails to explain the strength of these biases-causing frequent action slips-even in well-known environments. We propose that Pavlovian control is additionally useful if flexibly recruited by instrumental control. Specifically, instrumental action plans might shape selective attention to reward/punishment information and thus the input to Pavlovian control. In two eye-tracking samples (N = 35/64), we observed that Go/NoGo action plans influenced when and for how long participants attended to reward/punishment information, which in turn biased their responses in a Pavlovian manner. Participants with stronger attentional effects showed higher performance. Thus, humans appear to align Pavlovian control with their instrumental action plans, extending its role beyond action defaults to a powerful tool ensuring robust action execution.
Public Significance Statement
This study suggests that Pavlovian biases, a fast-and-frugal decision strategy that may trigger suboptimal choices in certain contexts, are not a permanent, immutable force upon behavior. Instead, they are flexibly recruited depending on the action a person is planning: Given the plan to make/withhold actions, people preferably attend to reward-/punishment-related information, which in turn triggers Pavlovian biases that facilitate the implementation of these plans. Stronger "outsourcing" of action implementation to such an attentional recruitment of Pavlovian biases leads to higher performance. These findings highlight how Pavlovian biases are more flexible than previously thought and how strong biases can be of advantage.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>American Psychological Association</pub><pmid>37199975</pmid><doi>10.1037/xge0001425</doi><tpages>16</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1694-7069</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Attentional Bias Behavior Bias Classical Conditioning Cognition & reasoning Experimental psychology Female Goals Human Male Rewards Visual Attention Visual Tracking |
title | Goal-Directed Recruitment of Pavlovian Biases Through Selective Visual Attention |
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