Impact of limestone caves and seawater intrusion on coastal aquifer of middle Andaman

Seawater intrusion has become a common problem in coastal and island aquifers with the rise in climate change that greatly affects the majority of developing countries. The island hydrology is very complex and associated with a unique set of environmental characteristics with the dynamic interaction of groundwater, surface water, and seawater. Further, Sea level rise, erratic rainfall, and over-extraction of groundwater triggered salt-water intrusion. A study on seawater intrusion and the effect of limestone caves on groundwater was carried out in middle Andaman using a combination of ionic ratios of major ions. A total of 24 samples and a reference sample from the sea were collected and analysed using ICP, spectrophotometer, and flame photometer. A combination of 10 ionic ratios Cl/HCO3, Ca/(HCO3 + SO4), (Ca + Mg)/Cl, Ca/Mg, Ca/Na, Cl/(SO4 + HCO3), Ca/SO4, K/Cl, Mg/Cl, and SO4/Cl was used to assess the dissolution of limestone minerals and the level of saltwater intrusion into groundwater. The geospatial method was used to extract and combine all the hydrogeochemical parameters and ionic ratios in the GIS platform. Durov plot was used for the interpretation of groundwater chemistry and the identification of natural processes controlling the hydrogeochemistry of the area. The dominance of Ca-HCO3 and Na-HCO3 was confirmed in 48% and 24% of the sample respectively. The equiline graph of chloride with other major ions showed the enrichment of alkali and alkaline earth metal salt in groundwater. Schoeller's diagram depicted the dominance of Cl, Ca, and the sum of CO3 and HCO3 in seawater near Mayabunder. The lower concentration of Na with respect to Cl (64%) and Ca (100%) showed the presence of a reverse ion exchange process. Further, the correlation matrix showed a strong relationship between Cl, K, Ca, and Na. The analysis of X-ray diffraction of the rock samples confirmed the presence of limestones such as Aragonite, Calcite, Chlorite, Chromite, Dolomite, Magnetite, and Pyrite in the study area. The integration of ionic ratios showed moderately affected and slightly affected saline regions in 44% and 54% of the region respectively. Finally, the role of tectonic activities and active lineaments connected to the sea was found to play a major role in the intrusion of seawater where interconnected faults created an opening for surface water to recharge groundwater leading to the deep aquifer. •Seawater intrusion is estimated using integration of Ionic ratios o