Increased dietary Trp, Thr, and Met supplementation improves growth performance and protein deposition of salmonella-challenged growing pigs under poor housing conditions
Abstract Highly intensified rearing conditions and precarious sanitary management predispose pigs to immune system activation, altered amino acid (AA) metabolism, and decreased growth performance. Thus, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increased dietary tryptophan (Trp...
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| creator | Alves da Cunha Valini, Graziela Righetti Arnaut, Pedro França, Ismael Trevisan Ortiz, Manoela Karpeggiane de Oliveira, Marllon José Brandão Melo, Antonio Diego Alves Marçal, Danilo Reis Furtado Campos, Paulo Henrique Khun Htoo, John Gastmann Brand, Henrique Hauschild, Luciano |
| description | Abstract
Highly intensified rearing conditions and precarious sanitary management predispose pigs to immune system activation, altered amino acid (AA) metabolism, and decreased growth performance. Thus, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increased dietary tryptophan (Trp), threonine (Thr), and methionine + cysteine (Met + Cys) supplementation on performance, body composition, metabolism, and immune responses of group-housed growing pigs under challenging sanitary conditions. A hundred and twenty pigs (25.4 ± 3.7 kg) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, consisting of two sanitary conditions (SC, good [GOOD] or salmonella-challenge and poor housing condition [Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) + POOR]) and two diets, control (CN) or supplemented with AA (Trp, Thr, and Met + Cys:Lys ratios 20% higher than those of the CN diet [AA>+]). Pigs were followed during the growing phase (25–50 kg) and the trial lasted 28 d. The ST + POOR SC pigs were challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium and raised in a poor housing condition. The ST + POOR SC increased rectal temperature, fecal score, serum haptoglobin, and urea concentration (P < 0.05) and decreased serum albumin concentration (P < 0.05) compared with GOOD SC. Body weight, average daily feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (G:F), and protein deposition (PD) were greater in GOOD SC than in ST + POOR SC (P < 0.01). However, pigs housed in ST + POOR SC fed with AA+ diet had lower body temperature (P < 0.05), increased ADG (P < 0.05) and nitrogen efficiency (P < 0.05), and a tendency for improved PD and G:F (P < 0.10) compared with CN diet fed pigs. Regardless of the SC, pigs fed AA+ diet had lower serum albumin (P < 0.05) and tended to decrease serum urea levels (P < 0.10) compared with CN diet. The results of this study suggest that the ratio of Trp, Thr, and Met + Cys to Lys for pigs are modified by sanitary conditions. Furthermore, supplementation of diets with a blend of Trp, Thr, and Met + Cys improves performance, especially under salmonella-challenge and poor housing conditions. Dietary tryptophan, threonine, and methionine supplementation can modulate immune status and influence resilience to sanitary challenges.
The impaired growth performance and protein deposition of pigs under sanitary challenge can be attenuated by dietary tryptophan, threonine, and methionine supplementation. The amino acid supplementation mitigates immune system activation and |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1093/jas/skad141 |
| format | Article |
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Highly intensified rearing conditions and precarious sanitary management predispose pigs to immune system activation, altered amino acid (AA) metabolism, and decreased growth performance. Thus, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increased dietary tryptophan (Trp), threonine (Thr), and methionine + cysteine (Met + Cys) supplementation on performance, body composition, metabolism, and immune responses of group-housed growing pigs under challenging sanitary conditions. A hundred and twenty pigs (25.4 ± 3.7 kg) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, consisting of two sanitary conditions (SC, good [GOOD] or salmonella-challenge and poor housing condition [Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) + POOR]) and two diets, control (CN) or supplemented with AA (Trp, Thr, and Met + Cys:Lys ratios 20% higher than those of the CN diet [AA>+]). Pigs were followed during the growing phase (25–50 kg) and the trial lasted 28 d. The ST + POOR SC pigs were challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium and raised in a poor housing condition. The ST + POOR SC increased rectal temperature, fecal score, serum haptoglobin, and urea concentration (P < 0.05) and decreased serum albumin concentration (P < 0.05) compared with GOOD SC. Body weight, average daily feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (G:F), and protein deposition (PD) were greater in GOOD SC than in ST + POOR SC (P < 0.01). However, pigs housed in ST + POOR SC fed with AA+ diet had lower body temperature (P < 0.05), increased ADG (P < 0.05) and nitrogen efficiency (P < 0.05), and a tendency for improved PD and G:F (P < 0.10) compared with CN diet fed pigs. Regardless of the SC, pigs fed AA+ diet had lower serum albumin (P < 0.05) and tended to decrease serum urea levels (P < 0.10) compared with CN diet. The results of this study suggest that the ratio of Trp, Thr, and Met + Cys to Lys for pigs are modified by sanitary conditions. Furthermore, supplementation of diets with a blend of Trp, Thr, and Met + Cys improves performance, especially under salmonella-challenge and poor housing conditions. Dietary tryptophan, threonine, and methionine supplementation can modulate immune status and influence resilience to sanitary challenges.
The impaired growth performance and protein deposition of pigs under sanitary challenge can be attenuated by dietary tryptophan, threonine, and methionine supplementation. The amino acid supplementation mitigates immune system activation and improves the efficiency of nitrogen utilization, increasing pigs’ resilience with no in-feed antibiotics in a group-housed system.
Lay Summary
Immune system activation alters pigs’ physiology and metabolism, increasing maintenance requirements and reducing voluntary feed intake and weight gain. Dietary functional amino acid supplementation (tryptophan, threonine, and methionine) is a strategy to support the immune system activation for immune components production, maintenance of the gut barrier integrity, and reduction of the oxidative status. Additionally, amino acid supplementation may mitigate growth performance losses. In this context, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of diets with or without tryptophan, threonine, and methionine supplementation on the performance and immune system activation of growing pigs under a sanitary challenge. The amino acid supplementation mitigated the immune system activation of challenged growing pigs and improved growth performance when compared to pigs fed diets with no supplementation. The functional amino acid supplementation may be an efficient nutritional strategy to optimize health and growth performance of immune-challenged pigs.]]></description><identifier>ISSN: 0021-8812</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1525-3163</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad141</identifier><identifier>PMID: 37141101</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>US: Oxford University Press</publisher><subject>Albumin ; Amino acids ; Amino Acids - metabolism ; Animal Feed - analysis ; Animals ; Body composition ; Body temperature ; Body weight ; Deposition ; Diet ; Dietary Supplements ; Feed conversion ; Feed efficiency ; Haptoglobin ; Housing conditions ; Housing Quality ; Immune response ; Immune status ; Immune system ; Livestock housing ; Metabolism ; Methionine ; Performance enhancement ; Proteins ; Salmonella ; Salmonella Typhimurium ; Serum albumin ; Swine ; Threonine ; Threonine - pharmacology ; Tryptophan ; Urea ; Ureas</subject><ispartof>Journal of animal science, 2023-01, Vol.101</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. 2023</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c348t-c2ba153dd03b108f00a3e86abe7ac8ac0edb8a60c166697a8c55e7461467c9263</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c348t-c2ba153dd03b108f00a3e86abe7ac8ac0edb8a60c166697a8c55e7461467c9263</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1578,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37141101$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Alves da Cunha Valini, Graziela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Righetti Arnaut, Pedro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>França, Ismael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Trevisan Ortiz, Manoela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Karpeggiane de Oliveira, Marllon José</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brandão Melo, Antonio Diego</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alves Marçal, Danilo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reis Furtado Campos, Paulo Henrique</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khun Htoo, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gastmann Brand, Henrique</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hauschild, Luciano</creatorcontrib><title>Increased dietary Trp, Thr, and Met supplementation improves growth performance and protein deposition of salmonella-challenged growing pigs under poor housing conditions</title><title>Journal of animal science</title><addtitle>J Anim Sci</addtitle><description><![CDATA[Abstract
Highly intensified rearing conditions and precarious sanitary management predispose pigs to immune system activation, altered amino acid (AA) metabolism, and decreased growth performance. Thus, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increased dietary tryptophan (Trp), threonine (Thr), and methionine + cysteine (Met + Cys) supplementation on performance, body composition, metabolism, and immune responses of group-housed growing pigs under challenging sanitary conditions. A hundred and twenty pigs (25.4 ± 3.7 kg) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, consisting of two sanitary conditions (SC, good [GOOD] or salmonella-challenge and poor housing condition [Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) + POOR]) and two diets, control (CN) or supplemented with AA (Trp, Thr, and Met + Cys:Lys ratios 20% higher than those of the CN diet [AA>+]). Pigs were followed during the growing phase (25–50 kg) and the trial lasted 28 d. The ST + POOR SC pigs were challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium and raised in a poor housing condition. The ST + POOR SC increased rectal temperature, fecal score, serum haptoglobin, and urea concentration (P < 0.05) and decreased serum albumin concentration (P < 0.05) compared with GOOD SC. Body weight, average daily feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (G:F), and protein deposition (PD) were greater in GOOD SC than in ST + POOR SC (P < 0.01). However, pigs housed in ST + POOR SC fed with AA+ diet had lower body temperature (P < 0.05), increased ADG (P < 0.05) and nitrogen efficiency (P < 0.05), and a tendency for improved PD and G:F (P < 0.10) compared with CN diet fed pigs. Regardless of the SC, pigs fed AA+ diet had lower serum albumin (P < 0.05) and tended to decrease serum urea levels (P < 0.10) compared with CN diet. The results of this study suggest that the ratio of Trp, Thr, and Met + Cys to Lys for pigs are modified by sanitary conditions. Furthermore, supplementation of diets with a blend of Trp, Thr, and Met + Cys improves performance, especially under salmonella-challenge and poor housing conditions. Dietary tryptophan, threonine, and methionine supplementation can modulate immune status and influence resilience to sanitary challenges.
The impaired growth performance and protein deposition of pigs under sanitary challenge can be attenuated by dietary tryptophan, threonine, and methionine supplementation. The amino acid supplementation mitigates immune system activation and improves the efficiency of nitrogen utilization, increasing pigs’ resilience with no in-feed antibiotics in a group-housed system.
Lay Summary
Immune system activation alters pigs’ physiology and metabolism, increasing maintenance requirements and reducing voluntary feed intake and weight gain. Dietary functional amino acid supplementation (tryptophan, threonine, and methionine) is a strategy to support the immune system activation for immune components production, maintenance of the gut barrier integrity, and reduction of the oxidative status. Additionally, amino acid supplementation may mitigate growth performance losses. In this context, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of diets with or without tryptophan, threonine, and methionine supplementation on the performance and immune system activation of growing pigs under a sanitary challenge. The amino acid supplementation mitigated the immune system activation of challenged growing pigs and improved growth performance when compared to pigs fed diets with no supplementation. The functional amino acid supplementation may be an efficient nutritional strategy to optimize health and growth performance of immune-challenged pigs.]]></description><subject>Albumin</subject><subject>Amino acids</subject><subject>Amino Acids - metabolism</subject><subject>Animal Feed - analysis</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Body composition</subject><subject>Body temperature</subject><subject>Body weight</subject><subject>Deposition</subject><subject>Diet</subject><subject>Dietary Supplements</subject><subject>Feed conversion</subject><subject>Feed efficiency</subject><subject>Haptoglobin</subject><subject>Housing conditions</subject><subject>Housing Quality</subject><subject>Immune response</subject><subject>Immune status</subject><subject>Immune system</subject><subject>Livestock housing</subject><subject>Metabolism</subject><subject>Methionine</subject><subject>Performance enhancement</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Salmonella</subject><subject>Salmonella Typhimurium</subject><subject>Serum albumin</subject><subject>Swine</subject><subject>Threonine</subject><subject>Threonine - pharmacology</subject><subject>Tryptophan</subject><subject>Urea</subject><subject>Ureas</subject><issn>0021-8812</issn><issn>1525-3163</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kU-P1CAYh4nRuOPqybshMTEmbl0opaXHzcY_m6zxMp6bt_B2hrEFhFbjV_JTSmdGDx48kcDzPvzgR8hzzt5y1orrA6Tr9BUMr_gDsuGylIXgtXhINoyVvFCKlxfkSUoHxngpW_mYXIgmw5zxDfl153RESGiosThD_Em3MVzR7T5eUXCGfsKZpiWEESd0M8zWO2qnEP13THQX_Y95TwPGwccJnMbjTD6d0TpqMPhkjyN-oAnGyTscRyj0HsYR3S7fuiqs29Fgd4kuzmCkwftI935J6772zhwV6Sl5NMCY8Nl5vSRf3r_b3n4s7j9_uLu9uS-0qNRc6LIHLoUxTPScqYExEKhq6LEBrUAzNL2Cmmle13XbgNJSYlPVvKob3Za1uCSvT978jG8LprmbbNJrboc5VFcq1sqqEqrN6Mt_0INfosvpOsEqzmTZNiv15kTp6FOKOHQh2il_dcdZt1bY5Qq7c4WZfnF2Lv2E5i_7p7MMvDoBfgn_Nf0GtRapVA</recordid><startdate>20230103</startdate><enddate>20230103</enddate><creator>Alves da Cunha Valini, Graziela</creator><creator>Righetti Arnaut, Pedro</creator><creator>França, Ismael</creator><creator>Trevisan Ortiz, Manoela</creator><creator>Karpeggiane de Oliveira, Marllon José</creator><creator>Brandão Melo, Antonio Diego</creator><creator>Alves Marçal, Danilo</creator><creator>Reis Furtado Campos, Paulo Henrique</creator><creator>Khun Htoo, John</creator><creator>Gastmann Brand, Henrique</creator><creator>Hauschild, Luciano</creator><general>Oxford University Press</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>U9A</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20230103</creationdate><title>Increased dietary Trp, Thr, and Met supplementation improves growth performance and protein deposition of salmonella-challenged growing pigs under poor housing conditions</title><author>Alves da Cunha Valini, Graziela ; Righetti Arnaut, Pedro ; França, Ismael ; Trevisan Ortiz, Manoela ; Karpeggiane de Oliveira, Marllon José ; Brandão Melo, Antonio Diego ; Alves Marçal, Danilo ; Reis Furtado Campos, Paulo Henrique ; Khun Htoo, John ; Gastmann Brand, Henrique ; Hauschild, Luciano</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c348t-c2ba153dd03b108f00a3e86abe7ac8ac0edb8a60c166697a8c55e7461467c9263</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Albumin</topic><topic>Amino acids</topic><topic>Amino Acids - metabolism</topic><topic>Animal Feed - analysis</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Body composition</topic><topic>Body temperature</topic><topic>Body weight</topic><topic>Deposition</topic><topic>Diet</topic><topic>Dietary Supplements</topic><topic>Feed conversion</topic><topic>Feed efficiency</topic><topic>Haptoglobin</topic><topic>Housing conditions</topic><topic>Housing Quality</topic><topic>Immune response</topic><topic>Immune status</topic><topic>Immune system</topic><topic>Livestock housing</topic><topic>Metabolism</topic><topic>Methionine</topic><topic>Performance enhancement</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Salmonella</topic><topic>Salmonella Typhimurium</topic><topic>Serum albumin</topic><topic>Swine</topic><topic>Threonine</topic><topic>Threonine - pharmacology</topic><topic>Tryptophan</topic><topic>Urea</topic><topic>Ureas</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Alves da Cunha Valini, Graziela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Righetti Arnaut, Pedro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>França, Ismael</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Trevisan Ortiz, Manoela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Karpeggiane de Oliveira, Marllon José</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brandão Melo, Antonio Diego</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alves Marçal, Danilo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Reis Furtado Campos, Paulo Henrique</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Khun Htoo, John</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gastmann Brand, Henrique</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hauschild, Luciano</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of animal science</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Alves da Cunha Valini, Graziela</au><au>Righetti Arnaut, Pedro</au><au>França, Ismael</au><au>Trevisan Ortiz, Manoela</au><au>Karpeggiane de Oliveira, Marllon José</au><au>Brandão Melo, Antonio Diego</au><au>Alves Marçal, Danilo</au><au>Reis Furtado Campos, Paulo Henrique</au><au>Khun Htoo, John</au><au>Gastmann Brand, Henrique</au><au>Hauschild, Luciano</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Increased dietary Trp, Thr, and Met supplementation improves growth performance and protein deposition of salmonella-challenged growing pigs under poor housing conditions</atitle><jtitle>Journal of animal science</jtitle><addtitle>J Anim Sci</addtitle><date>2023-01-03</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>101</volume><issn>0021-8812</issn><eissn>1525-3163</eissn><abstract><![CDATA[Abstract
Highly intensified rearing conditions and precarious sanitary management predispose pigs to immune system activation, altered amino acid (AA) metabolism, and decreased growth performance. Thus, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of increased dietary tryptophan (Trp), threonine (Thr), and methionine + cysteine (Met + Cys) supplementation on performance, body composition, metabolism, and immune responses of group-housed growing pigs under challenging sanitary conditions. A hundred and twenty pigs (25.4 ± 3.7 kg) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, consisting of two sanitary conditions (SC, good [GOOD] or salmonella-challenge and poor housing condition [Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) + POOR]) and two diets, control (CN) or supplemented with AA (Trp, Thr, and Met + Cys:Lys ratios 20% higher than those of the CN diet [AA>+]). Pigs were followed during the growing phase (25–50 kg) and the trial lasted 28 d. The ST + POOR SC pigs were challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium and raised in a poor housing condition. The ST + POOR SC increased rectal temperature, fecal score, serum haptoglobin, and urea concentration (P < 0.05) and decreased serum albumin concentration (P < 0.05) compared with GOOD SC. Body weight, average daily feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency (G:F), and protein deposition (PD) were greater in GOOD SC than in ST + POOR SC (P < 0.01). However, pigs housed in ST + POOR SC fed with AA+ diet had lower body temperature (P < 0.05), increased ADG (P < 0.05) and nitrogen efficiency (P < 0.05), and a tendency for improved PD and G:F (P < 0.10) compared with CN diet fed pigs. Regardless of the SC, pigs fed AA+ diet had lower serum albumin (P < 0.05) and tended to decrease serum urea levels (P < 0.10) compared with CN diet. The results of this study suggest that the ratio of Trp, Thr, and Met + Cys to Lys for pigs are modified by sanitary conditions. Furthermore, supplementation of diets with a blend of Trp, Thr, and Met + Cys improves performance, especially under salmonella-challenge and poor housing conditions. Dietary tryptophan, threonine, and methionine supplementation can modulate immune status and influence resilience to sanitary challenges.
The impaired growth performance and protein deposition of pigs under sanitary challenge can be attenuated by dietary tryptophan, threonine, and methionine supplementation. The amino acid supplementation mitigates immune system activation and improves the efficiency of nitrogen utilization, increasing pigs’ resilience with no in-feed antibiotics in a group-housed system.
Lay Summary
Immune system activation alters pigs’ physiology and metabolism, increasing maintenance requirements and reducing voluntary feed intake and weight gain. Dietary functional amino acid supplementation (tryptophan, threonine, and methionine) is a strategy to support the immune system activation for immune components production, maintenance of the gut barrier integrity, and reduction of the oxidative status. Additionally, amino acid supplementation may mitigate growth performance losses. In this context, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of diets with or without tryptophan, threonine, and methionine supplementation on the performance and immune system activation of growing pigs under a sanitary challenge. The amino acid supplementation mitigated the immune system activation of challenged growing pigs and improved growth performance when compared to pigs fed diets with no supplementation. The functional amino acid supplementation may be an efficient nutritional strategy to optimize health and growth performance of immune-challenged pigs.]]></abstract><cop>US</cop><pub>Oxford University Press</pub><pmid>37141101</pmid><doi>10.1093/jas/skad141</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0021-8812 |
| ispartof | Journal of animal science, 2023-01, Vol.101 |
| issn | 0021-8812 1525-3163 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2809544389 |
| source | Oxford University Press Journals All Titles (1996-Current); MEDLINE; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals; PubMed Central |
| subjects | Albumin Amino acids Amino Acids - metabolism Animal Feed - analysis Animals Body composition Body temperature Body weight Deposition Diet Dietary Supplements Feed conversion Feed efficiency Haptoglobin Housing conditions Housing Quality Immune response Immune status Immune system Livestock housing Metabolism Methionine Performance enhancement Proteins Salmonella Salmonella Typhimurium Serum albumin Swine Threonine Threonine - pharmacology Tryptophan Urea Ureas |
| title | Increased dietary Trp, Thr, and Met supplementation improves growth performance and protein deposition of salmonella-challenged growing pigs under poor housing conditions |
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