The combined effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles and milrinone on acute renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats: Potential underlying mechanisms

To investigate the efficacy of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and/or milrinone (MIL) on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/RI) in rats and their possible underlying mechanisms. Forty-eight adult male Sprague-Dawley albino rats were randomly assigned into six equal-sized groups (n = 8): normal control, sham-operated, I/R group (45 min/24 h), ZnO-NPs group (10 mg/kg i.p.), MIL group (0.5 mg/kg i.p.), and ZnO-NPs + MIL group in the same previous doses. In comparison to the I/R-operated group, administration of either ZnO-NPs or MIL significantly decreased serum creatinine and urea concentrations, and renal vascular permeability (p