Polymerization of resin composite restorative materials: exposure reciprocity
Objective. To examine whether there is reciprocity between irradiation time and irradiance with regard to the mechanical properties of filled, resin composite restorative materials (RCs). Methods. Four visible light-cured RCs, all of shade A3, were used: Heliomolar Radiopaque (HR) and Tetric Ceram (...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Dental materials 2003-09, Vol.19 (6), p.531-541 |
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| creator | Musanje, L Darvell, B.W |
| description | Objective. To examine whether there is reciprocity between irradiation time and irradiance with regard to the mechanical properties of filled, resin composite restorative materials (RCs).
Methods. Four visible light-cured RCs, all of shade A3, were used: Heliomolar Radiopaque (HR) and Tetric Ceram (TC) (Ivoclar, Schaan, Liechtenstein), Filtek Z250 (FZ) (3M, St Paul, MN, USA) and Prodigy condensable (PR) (Kerr, Orange, CA, USA). Bar specimens (1.0×1.5×16.0 mm
3) were cured at irradiances (
I) ranging from 25–1500 mW/cm
2 and irradiation times (
t) of 1–3000 s. Six specimens at 250 combinations of
t and
I were prepared and stored in artificial saliva of pH 6, at 37 °C for 7
d before performing three-point bend tests for flexural strength (
F), flexural modulus (
E) and total energy to failure (
W). Contour plots of property value vs.
t and
I on log scales were prepared.
Results. The contour plots showed three regions: unset at low
I·
t, a plateau corresponding to more or less full property development, and connecting ramp. The boundary between the plateau and the ramp suggests the minimum acceptable exposure. No practical lower limit to irradiance was detected, but there may be no benefit from increasing
I beyond about 1000 mW/cm
2. The slopes of the contours in the log–log plots provided a test of the hypothesis of reciprocity. These slopes were ∼−1.5 for HR, TC and PR; and ∼−1 for FZ, compared with the expected value of −1. The general hypothesis therefore fails. The existence of localized maxima in property values is further evidence of that failure, even for FZ.
Significance. Dentists may use any lamp, including LED sources, and attain satisfactory results providing irradiation time is long enough. Manufacturers ought to supply a graph indicating the minimum acceptable exposure for each product for specified curing lamps. Calculations based on total energy delivered to guide irradiation protocols are invalid and do not recognize product behavior. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/S0109-5641(02)00101-X |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_27929989</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><els_id>S010956410200101X</els_id><sourcerecordid>27929989</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c510t-13b764d02cee12ca4ce3e36df808f03cd656b2ee6e93a26e83a9664cd95935933</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkF1LwzAUhoMobk5_gtIr0YvqSdKmjTciwy-YKKiwu9ClpxBpl5m0w_nrTbehl0IgHN7n5Jw8hBxTuKBAxeUrUJBxKhJ6BuwcQkXj6Q4Z0jyTMYDMdsnwFxmQA-8_ACBhku6TAWU5zxJgQ_L0YutVg858F62x88hWkUNv5pG2zcJ602Jft9aFeIlRU7SBLWp_FeFXyDvX59osnNWmXR2SvSqEeLS9R-T97vZt_BBPnu8fxzeTWKcU2pjyWSaSEphGpEwXiUaOXJRVDnkFXJciFTOGKFDyggnMeSGFSHQpU8nD4SNyunk3zP3swn6qMV5jXRdztJ1XLJNMylwGMN2A2lnvHVZq4UxTuJWioHqPau1R9ZIUMLX2qKah72Q7oJs1WP51bcUF4HoDYPjm0qBTXhucayxN8NGq0pp_RvwA9W2EAg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>27929989</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Polymerization of resin composite restorative materials: exposure reciprocity</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals</source><creator>Musanje, L ; Darvell, B.W</creator><creatorcontrib>Musanje, L ; Darvell, B.W</creatorcontrib><description>Objective. To examine whether there is reciprocity between irradiation time and irradiance with regard to the mechanical properties of filled, resin composite restorative materials (RCs).
Methods. Four visible light-cured RCs, all of shade A3, were used: Heliomolar Radiopaque (HR) and Tetric Ceram (TC) (Ivoclar, Schaan, Liechtenstein), Filtek Z250 (FZ) (3M, St Paul, MN, USA) and Prodigy condensable (PR) (Kerr, Orange, CA, USA). Bar specimens (1.0×1.5×16.0 mm
3) were cured at irradiances (
I) ranging from 25–1500 mW/cm
2 and irradiation times (
t) of 1–3000 s. Six specimens at 250 combinations of
t and
I were prepared and stored in artificial saliva of pH 6, at 37 °C for 7
d before performing three-point bend tests for flexural strength (
F), flexural modulus (
E) and total energy to failure (
W). Contour plots of property value vs.
t and
I on log scales were prepared.
Results. The contour plots showed three regions: unset at low
I·
t, a plateau corresponding to more or less full property development, and connecting ramp. The boundary between the plateau and the ramp suggests the minimum acceptable exposure. No practical lower limit to irradiance was detected, but there may be no benefit from increasing
I beyond about 1000 mW/cm
2. The slopes of the contours in the log–log plots provided a test of the hypothesis of reciprocity. These slopes were ∼−1.5 for HR, TC and PR; and ∼−1 for FZ, compared with the expected value of −1. The general hypothesis therefore fails. The existence of localized maxima in property values is further evidence of that failure, even for FZ.
Significance. Dentists may use any lamp, including LED sources, and attain satisfactory results providing irradiation time is long enough. Manufacturers ought to supply a graph indicating the minimum acceptable exposure for each product for specified curing lamps. Calculations based on total energy delivered to guide irradiation protocols are invalid and do not recognize product behavior.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0109-5641</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-0097</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/S0109-5641(02)00101-X</identifier><identifier>PMID: 12837402</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Acrylic Resins - radiation effects ; Composite Resins - radiation effects ; Dental Restoration Failure ; Dental Stress Analysis ; Elasticity - radiation effects ; Exposure ; Filled resin composite restorative materials ; Irradiance ; Irradiation time ; Light ; Materials Testing ; Modulus of elasticity ; Pliability - radiation effects ; Polymers - chemistry ; Polyurethanes - radiation effects ; Radiation Dosage ; Reciprocity ; Strength ; Technology, Dental - methods ; Time Factors</subject><ispartof>Dental materials, 2003-09, Vol.19 (6), p.531-541</ispartof><rights>2003 Academy of Dental Materials</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c510t-13b764d02cee12ca4ce3e36df808f03cd656b2ee6e93a26e83a9664cd95935933</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c510t-13b764d02cee12ca4ce3e36df808f03cd656b2ee6e93a26e83a9664cd95935933</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0109-5641(02)00101-X$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,777,781,3537,27905,27906,45976</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12837402$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Musanje, L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Darvell, B.W</creatorcontrib><title>Polymerization of resin composite restorative materials: exposure reciprocity</title><title>Dental materials</title><addtitle>Dent Mater</addtitle><description>Objective. To examine whether there is reciprocity between irradiation time and irradiance with regard to the mechanical properties of filled, resin composite restorative materials (RCs).
Methods. Four visible light-cured RCs, all of shade A3, were used: Heliomolar Radiopaque (HR) and Tetric Ceram (TC) (Ivoclar, Schaan, Liechtenstein), Filtek Z250 (FZ) (3M, St Paul, MN, USA) and Prodigy condensable (PR) (Kerr, Orange, CA, USA). Bar specimens (1.0×1.5×16.0 mm
3) were cured at irradiances (
I) ranging from 25–1500 mW/cm
2 and irradiation times (
t) of 1–3000 s. Six specimens at 250 combinations of
t and
I were prepared and stored in artificial saliva of pH 6, at 37 °C for 7
d before performing three-point bend tests for flexural strength (
F), flexural modulus (
E) and total energy to failure (
W). Contour plots of property value vs.
t and
I on log scales were prepared.
Results. The contour plots showed three regions: unset at low
I·
t, a plateau corresponding to more or less full property development, and connecting ramp. The boundary between the plateau and the ramp suggests the minimum acceptable exposure. No practical lower limit to irradiance was detected, but there may be no benefit from increasing
I beyond about 1000 mW/cm
2. The slopes of the contours in the log–log plots provided a test of the hypothesis of reciprocity. These slopes were ∼−1.5 for HR, TC and PR; and ∼−1 for FZ, compared with the expected value of −1. The general hypothesis therefore fails. The existence of localized maxima in property values is further evidence of that failure, even for FZ.
Significance. Dentists may use any lamp, including LED sources, and attain satisfactory results providing irradiation time is long enough. Manufacturers ought to supply a graph indicating the minimum acceptable exposure for each product for specified curing lamps. Calculations based on total energy delivered to guide irradiation protocols are invalid and do not recognize product behavior.</description><subject>Acrylic Resins - radiation effects</subject><subject>Composite Resins - radiation effects</subject><subject>Dental Restoration Failure</subject><subject>Dental Stress Analysis</subject><subject>Elasticity - radiation effects</subject><subject>Exposure</subject><subject>Filled resin composite restorative materials</subject><subject>Irradiance</subject><subject>Irradiation time</subject><subject>Light</subject><subject>Materials Testing</subject><subject>Modulus of elasticity</subject><subject>Pliability - radiation effects</subject><subject>Polymers - chemistry</subject><subject>Polyurethanes - radiation effects</subject><subject>Radiation Dosage</subject><subject>Reciprocity</subject><subject>Strength</subject><subject>Technology, Dental - methods</subject><subject>Time Factors</subject><issn>0109-5641</issn><issn>1879-0097</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2003</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkF1LwzAUhoMobk5_gtIr0YvqSdKmjTciwy-YKKiwu9ClpxBpl5m0w_nrTbehl0IgHN7n5Jw8hBxTuKBAxeUrUJBxKhJ6BuwcQkXj6Q4Z0jyTMYDMdsnwFxmQA-8_ACBhku6TAWU5zxJgQ_L0YutVg858F62x88hWkUNv5pG2zcJ602Jft9aFeIlRU7SBLWp_FeFXyDvX59osnNWmXR2SvSqEeLS9R-T97vZt_BBPnu8fxzeTWKcU2pjyWSaSEphGpEwXiUaOXJRVDnkFXJciFTOGKFDyggnMeSGFSHQpU8nD4SNyunk3zP3swn6qMV5jXRdztJ1XLJNMylwGMN2A2lnvHVZq4UxTuJWioHqPau1R9ZIUMLX2qKah72Q7oJs1WP51bcUF4HoDYPjm0qBTXhucayxN8NGq0pp_RvwA9W2EAg</recordid><startdate>20030901</startdate><enddate>20030901</enddate><creator>Musanje, L</creator><creator>Darvell, B.W</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SR</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>JG9</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20030901</creationdate><title>Polymerization of resin composite restorative materials: exposure reciprocity</title><author>Musanje, L ; Darvell, B.W</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c510t-13b764d02cee12ca4ce3e36df808f03cd656b2ee6e93a26e83a9664cd95935933</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2003</creationdate><topic>Acrylic Resins - radiation effects</topic><topic>Composite Resins - radiation effects</topic><topic>Dental Restoration Failure</topic><topic>Dental Stress Analysis</topic><topic>Elasticity - radiation effects</topic><topic>Exposure</topic><topic>Filled resin composite restorative materials</topic><topic>Irradiance</topic><topic>Irradiation time</topic><topic>Light</topic><topic>Materials Testing</topic><topic>Modulus of elasticity</topic><topic>Pliability - radiation effects</topic><topic>Polymers - chemistry</topic><topic>Polyurethanes - radiation effects</topic><topic>Radiation Dosage</topic><topic>Reciprocity</topic><topic>Strength</topic><topic>Technology, Dental - methods</topic><topic>Time Factors</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Musanje, L</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Darvell, B.W</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Engineered Materials Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Materials Research Database</collection><jtitle>Dental materials</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Musanje, L</au><au>Darvell, B.W</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Polymerization of resin composite restorative materials: exposure reciprocity</atitle><jtitle>Dental materials</jtitle><addtitle>Dent Mater</addtitle><date>2003-09-01</date><risdate>2003</risdate><volume>19</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>531</spage><epage>541</epage><pages>531-541</pages><issn>0109-5641</issn><eissn>1879-0097</eissn><abstract>Objective. To examine whether there is reciprocity between irradiation time and irradiance with regard to the mechanical properties of filled, resin composite restorative materials (RCs).
Methods. Four visible light-cured RCs, all of shade A3, were used: Heliomolar Radiopaque (HR) and Tetric Ceram (TC) (Ivoclar, Schaan, Liechtenstein), Filtek Z250 (FZ) (3M, St Paul, MN, USA) and Prodigy condensable (PR) (Kerr, Orange, CA, USA). Bar specimens (1.0×1.5×16.0 mm
3) were cured at irradiances (
I) ranging from 25–1500 mW/cm
2 and irradiation times (
t) of 1–3000 s. Six specimens at 250 combinations of
t and
I were prepared and stored in artificial saliva of pH 6, at 37 °C for 7
d before performing three-point bend tests for flexural strength (
F), flexural modulus (
E) and total energy to failure (
W). Contour plots of property value vs.
t and
I on log scales were prepared.
Results. The contour plots showed three regions: unset at low
I·
t, a plateau corresponding to more or less full property development, and connecting ramp. The boundary between the plateau and the ramp suggests the minimum acceptable exposure. No practical lower limit to irradiance was detected, but there may be no benefit from increasing
I beyond about 1000 mW/cm
2. The slopes of the contours in the log–log plots provided a test of the hypothesis of reciprocity. These slopes were ∼−1.5 for HR, TC and PR; and ∼−1 for FZ, compared with the expected value of −1. The general hypothesis therefore fails. The existence of localized maxima in property values is further evidence of that failure, even for FZ.
Significance. Dentists may use any lamp, including LED sources, and attain satisfactory results providing irradiation time is long enough. Manufacturers ought to supply a graph indicating the minimum acceptable exposure for each product for specified curing lamps. Calculations based on total energy delivered to guide irradiation protocols are invalid and do not recognize product behavior.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>12837402</pmid><doi>10.1016/S0109-5641(02)00101-X</doi><tpages>11</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Dental materials, 2003-09, Vol.19 (6), p.531-541 |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals |
| subjects | Acrylic Resins - radiation effects Composite Resins - radiation effects Dental Restoration Failure Dental Stress Analysis Elasticity - radiation effects Exposure Filled resin composite restorative materials Irradiance Irradiation time Light Materials Testing Modulus of elasticity Pliability - radiation effects Polymers - chemistry Polyurethanes - radiation effects Radiation Dosage Reciprocity Strength Technology, Dental - methods Time Factors |
| title | Polymerization of resin composite restorative materials: exposure reciprocity |
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