Plasma formation in holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy

Objectives During holmium:yttrium–aluminum–garnet (holmium:YAG) laser lithotripsy to break urinary stones, urologists frequently see flashes of light. As infrared laser pulses are invisible, what is the source of light? Here we studied the origin, characteristics, and some effects of flashes of ligh...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Lasers in surgery and medicine 2023-07, Vol.55 (5), p.503-514
Hauptverfasser:	Pishchalnikov, Yuri A., Behnke‐Parks, William M., Stoller, Marshall L.
Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	eng
Schlagworte:	Aluminum Cavitation Diameters Holmium holmium‐YAG laser Humans Hydrophones Hydroxyapatite Infrared detectors Infrared lasers laser lithotripsy Laser radiation Lasers Lasers, Solid-State - therapeutic use Light Light emission Lithotripsy Lithotripsy, Laser - methods optical breakdown Radiation Semiconductor lasers Shock waves Stone urinary calculi Urinary Calculi - therapy YAG lasers Yttrium
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