Association between salt intake and gastric atrophy by Helicobacter pylori infection: first results from the Epidemiological Investigation of Gastric Malignancy (ENIGMA)
Purpose Gastric atrophy (GA), usually linked to chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori ), may over time evolve into gastric malignancy. Besides H. pylori , high salt intake may play a role in GA development. This study evaluates cross sectionally the association between salt intake a...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | European journal of nutrition 2023-08, Vol.62 (5), p.2129-2138 |
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| creator | Knaze, Viktoria Freisling, Heinz Cook, Paz Heise, Katy Acevedo, Johanna Cikutovic, Marcos Wagner, Karl-Heinz Marculescu, Rodrig Ferreccio, Catterina Herrero, Rolando Park, Jin Young |
| description | Purpose
Gastric atrophy (GA), usually linked to chronic infection with
Helicobacter pylori
(
H. pylori
), may over time evolve into gastric malignancy. Besides
H. pylori
, high salt intake may play a role in GA development. This study evaluates cross sectionally the association between salt intake and GA in Chilean adults.
Methods
Population-based samples were recruited from two sites, Antofagasta and Valdivia, partaking in the Epidemiological Investigation of Gastric Malignancies. At recruitment, participants answered questionnaires and provided biospecimens. Salt intake (g/day) was estimated from casual spot urine samples using the Tanaka equation. GA was determined by serum pepsinogen levels. Only participants ≥ 40 to 70 years of age were considered in this analysis,
n
= 565. For the association between salt intake (as sex-specific quartiles) and GA, odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated through multivariable logistic regression.
Results
In women, the multivariable-adjusted OR for GA comparing quartile 4 of the estimated salt intake (12.8 g/day) to quartile 1 (6.6 g/day) was 1.18 (95% CI 0.52–2.68,
P
-trend = 0.87). The corresponding OR in men was 0.49 (95% CI 0.19–1.27,
P
-trend = 0.17) with salt intakes of 12.8 g/day and 7.1 g/day for quartiles 4 and 1, respectively.
Conclusion
There was little evidence for an association between salt intake estimated from spot urine and GA risk in our cross-sectional analysis of middle aged and older adults in Chile. Reverse causation bias cannot be ruled out and the sample size was limited to provide more precise estimates. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00394-023-03132-w |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2791375031</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2837625599</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-a666e4bdb284238cf369bf3b4b8997e477b77d0ffd49f38dc6a49305bac1cc293</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kUFvFCEcxSdGY9vVL-DBkHhpD6MMzMCMt02zbjdp9aJnAgxMqQyMwHSzH8lvKeusNfHgCRLe-73_n1cUbyr4voKQfogQ4q4uIcIlxBVG5f5ZcV7VmJQEVc3zpzukZ8VFjA8QZimpXhZnmHSkRg08L36uY_TS8GS8A0KlvVIORG4TMC7x7wpw14OBxxSMBDwFP90fgDiAG2WN9ILLpAKYDtYHkx1aySPoI9AmxASCirNNEejgR5DuFdhMplej8dYPRnILdu5RxWSGJd5rsD0l3XFrBsedPIDLzefd9m599ap4obmN6vXpXBXfPm2-Xt-Ut1-2u-v1bSkxbVLJCSGqFr1AbY1wK3XeVWgsatF2HVU1pYLSHmrd153GbS8JrzsMm7xKJSXq8Kq4XLhT8D_mPB4bTZTKWu6UnyNDtKty0vHHV8W7f6QPfg4uT8dQiylBTdMdgWhRyeBjDEqzKZiRhwOrIDsWyZYiWW6H_S6S7bPp7Qk9i1H1T5Y_zWUBXgQxP7lBhb_Z_8H-An-jrGY</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2837625599</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Association between salt intake and gastric atrophy by Helicobacter pylori infection: first results from the Epidemiological Investigation of Gastric Malignancy (ENIGMA)</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals</source><creator>Knaze, Viktoria ; Freisling, Heinz ; Cook, Paz ; Heise, Katy ; Acevedo, Johanna ; Cikutovic, Marcos ; Wagner, Karl-Heinz ; Marculescu, Rodrig ; Ferreccio, Catterina ; Herrero, Rolando ; Park, Jin Young</creator><creatorcontrib>Knaze, Viktoria ; Freisling, Heinz ; Cook, Paz ; Heise, Katy ; Acevedo, Johanna ; Cikutovic, Marcos ; Wagner, Karl-Heinz ; Marculescu, Rodrig ; Ferreccio, Catterina ; Herrero, Rolando ; Park, Jin Young</creatorcontrib><description>Purpose
Gastric atrophy (GA), usually linked to chronic infection with
Helicobacter pylori
(
H. pylori
), may over time evolve into gastric malignancy. Besides
H. pylori
, high salt intake may play a role in GA development. This study evaluates cross sectionally the association between salt intake and GA in Chilean adults.
Methods
Population-based samples were recruited from two sites, Antofagasta and Valdivia, partaking in the Epidemiological Investigation of Gastric Malignancies. At recruitment, participants answered questionnaires and provided biospecimens. Salt intake (g/day) was estimated from casual spot urine samples using the Tanaka equation. GA was determined by serum pepsinogen levels. Only participants ≥ 40 to 70 years of age were considered in this analysis,
n
= 565. For the association between salt intake (as sex-specific quartiles) and GA, odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated through multivariable logistic regression.
Results
In women, the multivariable-adjusted OR for GA comparing quartile 4 of the estimated salt intake (12.8 g/day) to quartile 1 (6.6 g/day) was 1.18 (95% CI 0.52–2.68,
P
-trend = 0.87). The corresponding OR in men was 0.49 (95% CI 0.19–1.27,
P
-trend = 0.17) with salt intakes of 12.8 g/day and 7.1 g/day for quartiles 4 and 1, respectively.
Conclusion
There was little evidence for an association between salt intake estimated from spot urine and GA risk in our cross-sectional analysis of middle aged and older adults in Chile. Reverse causation bias cannot be ruled out and the sample size was limited to provide more precise estimates.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1436-6207</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1436-6215</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03132-w</identifier><identifier>PMID: 36964250</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Age ; Aged ; Atrophy ; Atrophy - complications ; Chemistry ; Chemistry and Materials Science ; Chronic infection ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Gastric cancer ; Gastritis, Atrophic - complications ; Helicobacter Infections - complications ; Helicobacter Infections - epidemiology ; Helicobacter Infections - pathology ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Infections ; Male ; Malignancy ; Middle Aged ; Nutrition ; Nutrition research ; Original Contribution ; Questionnaires ; Risk Factors ; Salt ; Sample size ; Sodium Chloride, Dietary - adverse effects ; Stomach Neoplasms - epidemiology ; Stomach Neoplasms - etiology ; Urine ; Women</subject><ispartof>European journal of nutrition, 2023-08, Vol.62 (5), p.2129-2138</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2023. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><rights>2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-a666e4bdb284238cf369bf3b4b8997e477b77d0ffd49f38dc6a49305bac1cc293</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-a666e4bdb284238cf369bf3b4b8997e477b77d0ffd49f38dc6a49305bac1cc293</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-2491-5099</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00394-023-03132-w$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00394-023-03132-w$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27901,27902,41464,42533,51294</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36964250$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Knaze, Viktoria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Freisling, Heinz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cook, Paz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heise, Katy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Acevedo, Johanna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cikutovic, Marcos</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wagner, Karl-Heinz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marculescu, Rodrig</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ferreccio, Catterina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Herrero, Rolando</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Park, Jin Young</creatorcontrib><title>Association between salt intake and gastric atrophy by Helicobacter pylori infection: first results from the Epidemiological Investigation of Gastric Malignancy (ENIGMA)</title><title>European journal of nutrition</title><addtitle>Eur J Nutr</addtitle><addtitle>Eur J Nutr</addtitle><description>Purpose
Gastric atrophy (GA), usually linked to chronic infection with
Helicobacter pylori
(
H. pylori
), may over time evolve into gastric malignancy. Besides
H. pylori
, high salt intake may play a role in GA development. This study evaluates cross sectionally the association between salt intake and GA in Chilean adults.
Methods
Population-based samples were recruited from two sites, Antofagasta and Valdivia, partaking in the Epidemiological Investigation of Gastric Malignancies. At recruitment, participants answered questionnaires and provided biospecimens. Salt intake (g/day) was estimated from casual spot urine samples using the Tanaka equation. GA was determined by serum pepsinogen levels. Only participants ≥ 40 to 70 years of age were considered in this analysis,
n
= 565. For the association between salt intake (as sex-specific quartiles) and GA, odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated through multivariable logistic regression.
Results
In women, the multivariable-adjusted OR for GA comparing quartile 4 of the estimated salt intake (12.8 g/day) to quartile 1 (6.6 g/day) was 1.18 (95% CI 0.52–2.68,
P
-trend = 0.87). The corresponding OR in men was 0.49 (95% CI 0.19–1.27,
P
-trend = 0.17) with salt intakes of 12.8 g/day and 7.1 g/day for quartiles 4 and 1, respectively.
Conclusion
There was little evidence for an association between salt intake estimated from spot urine and GA risk in our cross-sectional analysis of middle aged and older adults in Chile. Reverse causation bias cannot be ruled out and the sample size was limited to provide more precise estimates.</description><subject>Age</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Atrophy</subject><subject>Atrophy - complications</subject><subject>Chemistry</subject><subject>Chemistry and Materials Science</subject><subject>Chronic infection</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Epidemiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Gastric cancer</subject><subject>Gastritis, Atrophic - complications</subject><subject>Helicobacter Infections - complications</subject><subject>Helicobacter Infections - epidemiology</subject><subject>Helicobacter Infections - pathology</subject><subject>Helicobacter pylori</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Malignancy</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Nutrition</subject><subject>Nutrition research</subject><subject>Original Contribution</subject><subject>Questionnaires</subject><subject>Risk Factors</subject><subject>Salt</subject><subject>Sample size</subject><subject>Sodium Chloride, Dietary - adverse effects</subject><subject>Stomach Neoplasms - epidemiology</subject><subject>Stomach Neoplasms - etiology</subject><subject>Urine</subject><subject>Women</subject><issn>1436-6207</issn><issn>1436-6215</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kUFvFCEcxSdGY9vVL-DBkHhpD6MMzMCMt02zbjdp9aJnAgxMqQyMwHSzH8lvKeusNfHgCRLe-73_n1cUbyr4voKQfogQ4q4uIcIlxBVG5f5ZcV7VmJQEVc3zpzukZ8VFjA8QZimpXhZnmHSkRg08L36uY_TS8GS8A0KlvVIORG4TMC7x7wpw14OBxxSMBDwFP90fgDiAG2WN9ILLpAKYDtYHkx1aySPoI9AmxASCirNNEejgR5DuFdhMplej8dYPRnILdu5RxWSGJd5rsD0l3XFrBsedPIDLzefd9m599ap4obmN6vXpXBXfPm2-Xt-Ut1-2u-v1bSkxbVLJCSGqFr1AbY1wK3XeVWgsatF2HVU1pYLSHmrd153GbS8JrzsMm7xKJSXq8Kq4XLhT8D_mPB4bTZTKWu6UnyNDtKty0vHHV8W7f6QPfg4uT8dQiylBTdMdgWhRyeBjDEqzKZiRhwOrIDsWyZYiWW6H_S6S7bPp7Qk9i1H1T5Y_zWUBXgQxP7lBhb_Z_8H-An-jrGY</recordid><startdate>20230801</startdate><enddate>20230801</enddate><creator>Knaze, Viktoria</creator><creator>Freisling, Heinz</creator><creator>Cook, Paz</creator><creator>Heise, Katy</creator><creator>Acevedo, Johanna</creator><creator>Cikutovic, Marcos</creator><creator>Wagner, Karl-Heinz</creator><creator>Marculescu, Rodrig</creator><creator>Ferreccio, Catterina</creator><creator>Herrero, Rolando</creator><creator>Park, Jin Young</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QP</scope><scope>7RQ</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7TS</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9-</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0R</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2491-5099</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20230801</creationdate><title>Association between salt intake and gastric atrophy by Helicobacter pylori infection: first results from the Epidemiological Investigation of Gastric Malignancy (ENIGMA)</title><author>Knaze, Viktoria ; Freisling, Heinz ; Cook, Paz ; Heise, Katy ; Acevedo, Johanna ; Cikutovic, Marcos ; Wagner, Karl-Heinz ; Marculescu, Rodrig ; Ferreccio, Catterina ; Herrero, Rolando ; Park, Jin Young</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-a666e4bdb284238cf369bf3b4b8997e477b77d0ffd49f38dc6a49305bac1cc293</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Age</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Atrophy</topic><topic>Atrophy - complications</topic><topic>Chemistry</topic><topic>Chemistry and Materials Science</topic><topic>Chronic infection</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Epidemiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Gastric cancer</topic><topic>Gastritis, Atrophic - complications</topic><topic>Helicobacter Infections - complications</topic><topic>Helicobacter Infections - epidemiology</topic><topic>Helicobacter Infections - pathology</topic><topic>Helicobacter pylori</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infections</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Malignancy</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Nutrition</topic><topic>Nutrition research</topic><topic>Original Contribution</topic><topic>Questionnaires</topic><topic>Risk Factors</topic><topic>Salt</topic><topic>Sample size</topic><topic>Sodium Chloride, Dietary - adverse effects</topic><topic>Stomach Neoplasms - epidemiology</topic><topic>Stomach Neoplasms - etiology</topic><topic>Urine</topic><topic>Women</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Knaze, Viktoria</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Freisling, Heinz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cook, Paz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Heise, Katy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Acevedo, Johanna</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cikutovic, Marcos</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wagner, Karl-Heinz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Marculescu, Rodrig</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ferreccio, Catterina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Herrero, Rolando</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Park, Jin Young</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Calcium & Calcified Tissue Abstracts</collection><collection>Career & Technical Education Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Physical Education Index</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Consumer Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>European journal of nutrition</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Knaze, Viktoria</au><au>Freisling, Heinz</au><au>Cook, Paz</au><au>Heise, Katy</au><au>Acevedo, Johanna</au><au>Cikutovic, Marcos</au><au>Wagner, Karl-Heinz</au><au>Marculescu, Rodrig</au><au>Ferreccio, Catterina</au><au>Herrero, Rolando</au><au>Park, Jin Young</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Association between salt intake and gastric atrophy by Helicobacter pylori infection: first results from the Epidemiological Investigation of Gastric Malignancy (ENIGMA)</atitle><jtitle>European journal of nutrition</jtitle><stitle>Eur J Nutr</stitle><addtitle>Eur J Nutr</addtitle><date>2023-08-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>62</volume><issue>5</issue><spage>2129</spage><epage>2138</epage><pages>2129-2138</pages><issn>1436-6207</issn><eissn>1436-6215</eissn><abstract>Purpose
Gastric atrophy (GA), usually linked to chronic infection with
Helicobacter pylori
(
H. pylori
), may over time evolve into gastric malignancy. Besides
H. pylori
, high salt intake may play a role in GA development. This study evaluates cross sectionally the association between salt intake and GA in Chilean adults.
Methods
Population-based samples were recruited from two sites, Antofagasta and Valdivia, partaking in the Epidemiological Investigation of Gastric Malignancies. At recruitment, participants answered questionnaires and provided biospecimens. Salt intake (g/day) was estimated from casual spot urine samples using the Tanaka equation. GA was determined by serum pepsinogen levels. Only participants ≥ 40 to 70 years of age were considered in this analysis,
n
= 565. For the association between salt intake (as sex-specific quartiles) and GA, odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated through multivariable logistic regression.
Results
In women, the multivariable-adjusted OR for GA comparing quartile 4 of the estimated salt intake (12.8 g/day) to quartile 1 (6.6 g/day) was 1.18 (95% CI 0.52–2.68,
P
-trend = 0.87). The corresponding OR in men was 0.49 (95% CI 0.19–1.27,
P
-trend = 0.17) with salt intakes of 12.8 g/day and 7.1 g/day for quartiles 4 and 1, respectively.
Conclusion
There was little evidence for an association between salt intake estimated from spot urine and GA risk in our cross-sectional analysis of middle aged and older adults in Chile. Reverse causation bias cannot be ruled out and the sample size was limited to provide more precise estimates.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><pmid>36964250</pmid><doi>10.1007/s00394-023-03132-w</doi><tpages>10</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2491-5099</orcidid></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 1436-6207 |
| ispartof | European journal of nutrition, 2023-08, Vol.62 (5), p.2129-2138 |
| issn | 1436-6207 1436-6215 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2791375031 |
| source | MEDLINE; Springer Nature - Complete Springer Journals |
| subjects | Age Aged Atrophy Atrophy - complications Chemistry Chemistry and Materials Science Chronic infection Cross-Sectional Studies Epidemiology Female Gastric cancer Gastritis, Atrophic - complications Helicobacter Infections - complications Helicobacter Infections - epidemiology Helicobacter Infections - pathology Helicobacter pylori Humans Infections Male Malignancy Middle Aged Nutrition Nutrition research Original Contribution Questionnaires Risk Factors Salt Sample size Sodium Chloride, Dietary - adverse effects Stomach Neoplasms - epidemiology Stomach Neoplasms - etiology Urine Women |
| title | Association between salt intake and gastric atrophy by Helicobacter pylori infection: first results from the Epidemiological Investigation of Gastric Malignancy (ENIGMA) |
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