Sulfuric Acid Production on Europa: The Radiolysis of Sulfur in Water Ice
Europa's surface is chemically altered by radiolysis from energetic charged particle bombardment. It has been suggested that hydrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4·nH2O) is a major surface species and is part of a radiolytic sulfur cycle, where a dynamic equilibrium exists between continuous production...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Icarus (New York, N.Y. 1962) N.Y. 1962), 2002-06, Vol.157 (2), p.456-463 |
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| creator | Carlson, R.W. Anderson, M.S. Johnson, R.E. Schulman, M.B. Yavrouian, A.H. |
| description | Europa's surface is chemically altered by radiolysis from energetic charged particle bombardment. It has been suggested that hydrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4·nH2O) is a major surface species and is part of a radiolytic sulfur cycle, where a dynamic equilibrium exists between continuous production and destruction of sulfur polymers Sx, sulfur dioxide SO2, hydrogen sulfide H2S, and H2SO4·nH2O. We measured the rate of sulfate anion production for cyclo-octal sulfur grains in frozen water at temperatures, energies, and dose rates appropriate for Europa using energetic electrons. The measured rate is GMixture(SO42−)=fSulfur (r0/r)βG1 molecules (100 eV)−1, where fSulfur is the sulfur weight fraction, r is the grain radius, r0=50 μm, β≈1.9, and G1=0.4±0.1. Equilibrium column densities N are derived for Europa's surface and follow the ordering N(H2SO4) » N(S)>N(SO2)>N(H2S). The lifetime of a sulfur atom on Europa's surface for radiolysis to H2SO4 is τ(−S)=120(r/r0)β years. Rapid radiolytic processing hides the identity of the original source of the sulfurous material, but Iogenic plasma ion implantation and an acidic or salty ocean are candidate sources. Sulfate salts, if present, would be decomposed in |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1006/icar.2002.6858 |
| format | Article |
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It has been suggested that hydrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4·nH2O) is a major surface species and is part of a radiolytic sulfur cycle, where a dynamic equilibrium exists between continuous production and destruction of sulfur polymers Sx, sulfur dioxide SO2, hydrogen sulfide H2S, and H2SO4·nH2O. We measured the rate of sulfate anion production for cyclo-octal sulfur grains in frozen water at temperatures, energies, and dose rates appropriate for Europa using energetic electrons. The measured rate is GMixture(SO42−)=fSulfur (r0/r)βG1 molecules (100 eV)−1, where fSulfur is the sulfur weight fraction, r is the grain radius, r0=50 μm, β≈1.9, and G1=0.4±0.1. Equilibrium column densities N are derived for Europa's surface and follow the ordering N(H2SO4) » N(S)>N(SO2)>N(H2S). The lifetime of a sulfur atom on Europa's surface for radiolysis to H2SO4 is τ(−S)=120(r/r0)β years. Rapid radiolytic processing hides the identity of the original source of the sulfurous material, but Iogenic plasma ion implantation and an acidic or salty ocean are candidate sources. Sulfate salts, if present, would be decomposed in <3800 years and be rapidly assimilated into the sulfur cycle.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0019-1035</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1090-2643</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1006/icar.2002.6858</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Elsevier Inc</publisher><subject>Europa ; radiation chemistry ; surfaces—satellite, magnetospheres</subject><ispartof>Icarus (New York, N.Y. 1962), 2002-06, Vol.157 (2), p.456-463</ispartof><rights>2002 Elsevier Science (USA)</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c414t-6255f8e701c96c642f2af0ebf2ad1a38724d29687158dde5550facffe651f67f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c414t-6255f8e701c96c642f2af0ebf2ad1a38724d29687158dde5550facffe651f67f3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103502968582$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27901,27902,65306</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Carlson, R.W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Anderson, M.S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Johnson, R.E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schulman, M.B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yavrouian, A.H.</creatorcontrib><title>Sulfuric Acid Production on Europa: The Radiolysis of Sulfur in Water Ice</title><title>Icarus (New York, N.Y. 1962)</title><description>Europa's surface is chemically altered by radiolysis from energetic charged particle bombardment. It has been suggested that hydrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4·nH2O) is a major surface species and is part of a radiolytic sulfur cycle, where a dynamic equilibrium exists between continuous production and destruction of sulfur polymers Sx, sulfur dioxide SO2, hydrogen sulfide H2S, and H2SO4·nH2O. We measured the rate of sulfate anion production for cyclo-octal sulfur grains in frozen water at temperatures, energies, and dose rates appropriate for Europa using energetic electrons. The measured rate is GMixture(SO42−)=fSulfur (r0/r)βG1 molecules (100 eV)−1, where fSulfur is the sulfur weight fraction, r is the grain radius, r0=50 μm, β≈1.9, and G1=0.4±0.1. Equilibrium column densities N are derived for Europa's surface and follow the ordering N(H2SO4) » N(S)>N(SO2)>N(H2S). The lifetime of a sulfur atom on Europa's surface for radiolysis to H2SO4 is τ(−S)=120(r/r0)β years. Rapid radiolytic processing hides the identity of the original source of the sulfurous material, but Iogenic plasma ion implantation and an acidic or salty ocean are candidate sources. Sulfate salts, if present, would be decomposed in <3800 years and be rapidly assimilated into the sulfur cycle.</description><subject>Europa</subject><subject>radiation chemistry</subject><subject>surfaces—satellite, magnetospheres</subject><issn>0019-1035</issn><issn>1090-2643</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2002</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkMFLwzAUxoMoOKdXzzl563xJm7T1NsbUgaDoxGOIyQtGumYmrbD_3pZ6FeHBd_l-H7wfIZcMFgxAXnuj44ID8IWsRHVEZgxqyLgs8mMyA2B1xiAXp-QspU8AEFWdz8jmpW9cH72hS-MtfYrB9qbzoaXDrfsY9vqGbj-QPmvrQ3NIPtHg6ERR39I33WGkG4Pn5MTpJuHFb87J6-16u7rPHh7vNqvlQ2YKVnSZ5EK4CktgppZGFtxx7QDfh7BM51XJC8trWZVMVNaiEAKcNs6hFMzJ0uVzcjXt7mP46jF1aueTwabRLYY-KV6WPJeM_1tkgyWWl-VQXExFE0NKEZ3aR7_T8aAYqFGtGtWqUa0a1Q5ANQE4_PntMapkPLYGrY9oOmWD_wv9AdQrft8</recordid><startdate>20020601</startdate><enddate>20020601</enddate><creator>Carlson, R.W.</creator><creator>Anderson, M.S.</creator><creator>Johnson, R.E.</creator><creator>Schulman, M.B.</creator><creator>Yavrouian, A.H.</creator><general>Elsevier Inc</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>H8D</scope><scope>L7M</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20020601</creationdate><title>Sulfuric Acid Production on Europa: The Radiolysis of Sulfur in Water Ice</title><author>Carlson, R.W. ; Anderson, M.S. ; Johnson, R.E. ; Schulman, M.B. ; Yavrouian, A.H.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c414t-6255f8e701c96c642f2af0ebf2ad1a38724d29687158dde5550facffe651f67f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2002</creationdate><topic>Europa</topic><topic>radiation chemistry</topic><topic>surfaces—satellite, magnetospheres</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Carlson, R.W.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Anderson, M.S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Johnson, R.E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Schulman, M.B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yavrouian, A.H.</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts</collection><collection>Meteorological & Geoastrophysical Abstracts - Academic</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Aerospace Database</collection><collection>Advanced Technologies Database with Aerospace</collection><jtitle>Icarus (New York, N.Y. 1962)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Carlson, R.W.</au><au>Anderson, M.S.</au><au>Johnson, R.E.</au><au>Schulman, M.B.</au><au>Yavrouian, A.H.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Sulfuric Acid Production on Europa: The Radiolysis of Sulfur in Water Ice</atitle><jtitle>Icarus (New York, N.Y. 1962)</jtitle><date>2002-06-01</date><risdate>2002</risdate><volume>157</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>456</spage><epage>463</epage><pages>456-463</pages><issn>0019-1035</issn><eissn>1090-2643</eissn><abstract>Europa's surface is chemically altered by radiolysis from energetic charged particle bombardment. It has been suggested that hydrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4·nH2O) is a major surface species and is part of a radiolytic sulfur cycle, where a dynamic equilibrium exists between continuous production and destruction of sulfur polymers Sx, sulfur dioxide SO2, hydrogen sulfide H2S, and H2SO4·nH2O. We measured the rate of sulfate anion production for cyclo-octal sulfur grains in frozen water at temperatures, energies, and dose rates appropriate for Europa using energetic electrons. The measured rate is GMixture(SO42−)=fSulfur (r0/r)βG1 molecules (100 eV)−1, where fSulfur is the sulfur weight fraction, r is the grain radius, r0=50 μm, β≈1.9, and G1=0.4±0.1. Equilibrium column densities N are derived for Europa's surface and follow the ordering N(H2SO4) » N(S)>N(SO2)>N(H2S). The lifetime of a sulfur atom on Europa's surface for radiolysis to H2SO4 is τ(−S)=120(r/r0)β years. Rapid radiolytic processing hides the identity of the original source of the sulfurous material, but Iogenic plasma ion implantation and an acidic or salty ocean are candidate sources. Sulfate salts, if present, would be decomposed in <3800 years and be rapidly assimilated into the sulfur cycle.</abstract><pub>Elsevier Inc</pub><doi>10.1006/icar.2002.6858</doi><tpages>8</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Icarus (New York, N.Y. 1962), 2002-06, Vol.157 (2), p.456-463 |
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| source | Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals |
| subjects | Europa radiation chemistry surfaces—satellite, magnetospheres |
| title | Sulfuric Acid Production on Europa: The Radiolysis of Sulfur in Water Ice |
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