Ionospheric storm of early November 1993 in the Indian equatorial region

An investigation is made of the response of equatorial ionosphere in the Indian (75 deg E) sector to the major magnetic storm of November 3, 1993, using data from the ionosonde and magnetometer networks spanning the region 0.3-34.5-deg N dip. Some outstanding and new aspects of the storm time ionospheric behavior are revealed. An anomalous and striking positive gradient in f0F2 from the magnetic equator to 34.5-deg dip developed under the counter electrojet (CEJ) condition in the morning on November 4, corresponding to the early stage of the storm's main phase. This effect is attributed to plasma transport by a poleward surge in transequatorial winds due to large-scale atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) launched by auroral heating. Remarkable wavelike variations in hpF2 and f0F2 immediately followed at locations away from dip equator till local sunset, with concomitant disruptions in the development of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). Rapid variations in meridional neutral winds due to large-scale AGWs are assessed as the cause of the oscillations in hpF2 and the associated cyclic sequence of development and inhibition of EIA as the outcome of the combined effects of plasma transport due to meridional winds and the plasma 'fountain' driven by EXB drift. The case study showed that besides disturbances in the zonal electric field due to prompt penetration and ionospheric disturbance dynamo effects, perturbations in neutral meridional winds played a prominent role in the ionospheric storm of November 4, 1993, in the Indian equatorial region. (Author)