Cellulose nanocrystals boosted hydrophobic association in dual network polymer hydrogels as advanced flexible strain sensor for human motion detection
Conductive hydrogels attract the attention of researchers worldwide, especially in the field of flexible sensors like strain and pressure. These flexible materials have potential applications in the field of electronic skin, soft robotics, energy storage, and human motion detection. However, its pra...
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description | Conductive hydrogels attract the attention of researchers worldwide, especially in the field of flexible sensors like strain and pressure. These flexible materials have potential applications in the field of electronic skin, soft robotics, energy storage, and human motion detection. However, its practical application is limited due to low stretchability, high hysteresis energy, low conductivity, long-range strain sensitivity, and high response time. It's still a challenging job to endow all these properties in a single hydrogel network. In the present work, cellulose nano crystals (CNCs) reinforced hydrophobically associated gels were developed using APS as a source of radical polymerization, acrylamide and lauryl methacrylate were used as a monomer. CNCs reinforced the hydrophobically associated hydrogels through hydrogen bonding to retain the hydrogel's network structure. Hydrogels consist of dual crosslinking, which demonstrate exceptional mechanical performance (fracture stress and strain, toughness, and Young's modulus). The low hysteresis energy (10.9 kJm−3) and high conductivity (22.97 mS/cm) make the hydrogels a strong candidate for strain sensors with high sensitivity (GF = 19.25 at 700% strain) and a fast response time of 200 ms. Cyclic performance was also investigated up to 300 continuous cycles. After 300 cycles, the hydrogels were still stable and no considerable change was observed. These hydrogels are capable of sensing different human motions like wrist, finger bending, and neck (up-down and straight and right/left motion of neck). The hydrogels also demonstrate changes in current in response to swallowing, different speaking words, and writing different alphabets. These results suggest that our prepared materials can sense different small and large human motions, and also could be used in any electronic device where strain sensing is required.
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[Display omitted]</description><identifier>ISSN: 1751-6161</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1878-0180</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105610</identifier><identifier>PMID: 36509014</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Netherlands: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Cellulose ; Cinacalcet ; Electric Conductivity ; Gauge factor ; Human motion monitoring ; Humans ; Hydrogels ; Hydrophobic association ; Motion ; Nanoparticles ; Polymers ; Strain sensors</subject><ispartof>Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials, 2023-02, Vol.138, p.105610-105610, Article 105610</ispartof><rights>2022 Elsevier Ltd</rights><rights>Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c359t-8953c08d731dc2ac161613e56e15c03a8745e4ba13a8f4e4240582b61007feb3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c359t-8953c08d731dc2ac161613e56e15c03a8745e4ba13a8f4e4240582b61007feb3</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-7333-0583 ; 0000-0003-3636-7624</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105610$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3550,27924,27925,45995</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36509014$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Khan, Mansoor</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shah, Luqman Ali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rahman, Tanzil Ur</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yoo, Hyeong-Min</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ye, Daixin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vacharasin, Janay</creatorcontrib><title>Cellulose nanocrystals boosted hydrophobic association in dual network polymer hydrogels as advanced flexible strain sensor for human motion detection</title><title>Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials</title><addtitle>J Mech Behav Biomed Mater</addtitle><description>Conductive hydrogels attract the attention of researchers worldwide, especially in the field of flexible sensors like strain and pressure. These flexible materials have potential applications in the field of electronic skin, soft robotics, energy storage, and human motion detection. However, its practical application is limited due to low stretchability, high hysteresis energy, low conductivity, long-range strain sensitivity, and high response time. It's still a challenging job to endow all these properties in a single hydrogel network. In the present work, cellulose nano crystals (CNCs) reinforced hydrophobically associated gels were developed using APS as a source of radical polymerization, acrylamide and lauryl methacrylate were used as a monomer. CNCs reinforced the hydrophobically associated hydrogels through hydrogen bonding to retain the hydrogel's network structure. Hydrogels consist of dual crosslinking, which demonstrate exceptional mechanical performance (fracture stress and strain, toughness, and Young's modulus). The low hysteresis energy (10.9 kJm−3) and high conductivity (22.97 mS/cm) make the hydrogels a strong candidate for strain sensors with high sensitivity (GF = 19.25 at 700% strain) and a fast response time of 200 ms. Cyclic performance was also investigated up to 300 continuous cycles. After 300 cycles, the hydrogels were still stable and no considerable change was observed. These hydrogels are capable of sensing different human motions like wrist, finger bending, and neck (up-down and straight and right/left motion of neck). The hydrogels also demonstrate changes in current in response to swallowing, different speaking words, and writing different alphabets. These results suggest that our prepared materials can sense different small and large human motions, and also could be used in any electronic device where strain sensing is required.
[Display omitted]</description><subject>Cellulose</subject><subject>Cinacalcet</subject><subject>Electric Conductivity</subject><subject>Gauge factor</subject><subject>Human motion monitoring</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Hydrogels</subject><subject>Hydrophobic association</subject><subject>Motion</subject><subject>Nanoparticles</subject><subject>Polymers</subject><subject>Strain sensors</subject><issn>1751-6161</issn><issn>1878-0180</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9Uctu3CAURVWj5tF-QaWKZTeeXoyxmUUX0Sh9SJGyyR7xuO4wtWEKdpr5kX5vcZx0WQnEETrnXDiHkPcMNgxY--mwOYzGjJsa6rrciJbBK3LBZCcrYBJeF9wJVrWsZefkMucDQAsg5RtyzlsBW2DNBfmzw2GYh5iRBh2iTac86SFTE2Oe0NH9yaV43EfjLdU5R-v15GOgPlA364EGnH7H9JMe43AaMa38H1gcdFnuQQdbXPoBH70ZkOYp6SLNGHJMtC97P4860DE-uTqc0C7oLTnryzPw3fN5Re6_3NzvvlW3d1-_765vK8vFdqrkVnAL0nWcOVtry5bPchQtMmGBa9k1AhujWYF9g03dgJC1KUlB16PhV-TjantM8deMeVKjz7YkogPGOau6Ew00HQdWqHyl2hRzTtirY_KjTifFQC19qIN66kMtfai1j6L68DxgNiO6f5qXAgrh80ookeGDx6Sy9biE5lOJQrno_zvgLzYdoGQ</recordid><startdate>202302</startdate><enddate>202302</enddate><creator>Khan, Mansoor</creator><creator>Shah, Luqman Ali</creator><creator>Rahman, Tanzil Ur</creator><creator>Yoo, Hyeong-Min</creator><creator>Ye, Daixin</creator><creator>Vacharasin, Janay</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7333-0583</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3636-7624</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202302</creationdate><title>Cellulose nanocrystals boosted hydrophobic association in dual network polymer hydrogels as advanced flexible strain sensor for human motion detection</title><author>Khan, Mansoor ; Shah, Luqman Ali ; Rahman, Tanzil Ur ; Yoo, Hyeong-Min ; Ye, Daixin ; Vacharasin, Janay</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c359t-8953c08d731dc2ac161613e56e15c03a8745e4ba13a8f4e4240582b61007feb3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Cellulose</topic><topic>Cinacalcet</topic><topic>Electric Conductivity</topic><topic>Gauge factor</topic><topic>Human motion monitoring</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Hydrogels</topic><topic>Hydrophobic association</topic><topic>Motion</topic><topic>Nanoparticles</topic><topic>Polymers</topic><topic>Strain sensors</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Khan, Mansoor</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shah, Luqman Ali</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rahman, Tanzil Ur</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yoo, Hyeong-Min</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ye, Daixin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vacharasin, Janay</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Khan, Mansoor</au><au>Shah, Luqman Ali</au><au>Rahman, Tanzil Ur</au><au>Yoo, Hyeong-Min</au><au>Ye, Daixin</au><au>Vacharasin, Janay</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Cellulose nanocrystals boosted hydrophobic association in dual network polymer hydrogels as advanced flexible strain sensor for human motion detection</atitle><jtitle>Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials</jtitle><addtitle>J Mech Behav Biomed Mater</addtitle><date>2023-02</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>138</volume><spage>105610</spage><epage>105610</epage><pages>105610-105610</pages><artnum>105610</artnum><issn>1751-6161</issn><eissn>1878-0180</eissn><abstract>Conductive hydrogels attract the attention of researchers worldwide, especially in the field of flexible sensors like strain and pressure. These flexible materials have potential applications in the field of electronic skin, soft robotics, energy storage, and human motion detection. However, its practical application is limited due to low stretchability, high hysteresis energy, low conductivity, long-range strain sensitivity, and high response time. It's still a challenging job to endow all these properties in a single hydrogel network. In the present work, cellulose nano crystals (CNCs) reinforced hydrophobically associated gels were developed using APS as a source of radical polymerization, acrylamide and lauryl methacrylate were used as a monomer. CNCs reinforced the hydrophobically associated hydrogels through hydrogen bonding to retain the hydrogel's network structure. Hydrogels consist of dual crosslinking, which demonstrate exceptional mechanical performance (fracture stress and strain, toughness, and Young's modulus). The low hysteresis energy (10.9 kJm−3) and high conductivity (22.97 mS/cm) make the hydrogels a strong candidate for strain sensors with high sensitivity (GF = 19.25 at 700% strain) and a fast response time of 200 ms. Cyclic performance was also investigated up to 300 continuous cycles. After 300 cycles, the hydrogels were still stable and no considerable change was observed. These hydrogels are capable of sensing different human motions like wrist, finger bending, and neck (up-down and straight and right/left motion of neck). The hydrogels also demonstrate changes in current in response to swallowing, different speaking words, and writing different alphabets. These results suggest that our prepared materials can sense different small and large human motions, and also could be used in any electronic device where strain sensing is required.
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subjects | Cellulose Cinacalcet Electric Conductivity Gauge factor Human motion monitoring Humans Hydrogels Hydrophobic association Motion Nanoparticles Polymers Strain sensors |
title | Cellulose nanocrystals boosted hydrophobic association in dual network polymer hydrogels as advanced flexible strain sensor for human motion detection |
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