Evaluation of the pattern of spray released from a moving multicopter
BACKGROUND Multicopters are used for releasing particulates seeds, fertilizer and spray. Their low cost and high manoeuvrability make them attractive for spraying in steep terrain and areas where overspray is undesirable. This article describes a model of multicopter wake and its influence on partic...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Pest management science 2023-04, Vol.79 (4), p.1483-1499 |
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| creator | Chyrva, Illia Jermy, Mark Strand, Tara Richardson, Brian |
| description | BACKGROUND
Multicopters are used for releasing particulates seeds, fertilizer and spray. Their low cost and high manoeuvrability make them attractive for spraying in steep terrain and areas where overspray is undesirable. This article describes a model of multicopter wake and its influence on particulate dispersion, which is computationally economical compared to many computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches, yet retains reasonable accuracy.
RESULTS
A model was successfully implemented in OpenFOAM. It features source terms for the rotor wash, Lagrangian particle tracking, an evaporation model, and a porous medium approach to model the effect of the ground vegetation. Predictions were validated against the field tests of Richardson et al. which used a DJI Agras MG‐1 multicopter in three different flights with airspeeds of 3.2–4.9 m s−1, ground speeds of 2.1–2.9 m s−1 and cross‐wind speeds of 0.04–2.2 m s−1. The effective swath width (30% line separation) was predicted to within one standard deviation. Sensitivity to a rotor rotational speed, flight height, flight velocity, multicopter roll and yaw angles, surface roughness length, plant height and leaf density was checked.
CONCLUSION
In all flight trials, the modelled swath was closest to the experimentally obtained swath when the surface roughness of the fetch was equal to 0.5 m (bushes) and the rotational speed of all rotors was equal to 2475 rpm with 0.75R (0.2 m) tall plant canopy (grass) introduced to the model. The model showed acceptable validity for flight velocities of ≤2.8–5 m s−1 when flight parameters can be approximately estimated. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
View from above on the modelled deposition of spray released under the flying multicopter in atmospheric boundary conditions. Parcels are coloured according to particle diameter in microns. The arrows show wind and flight velocity directions. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/ps.7320 |
| format | Article |
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Multicopters are used for releasing particulates seeds, fertilizer and spray. Their low cost and high manoeuvrability make them attractive for spraying in steep terrain and areas where overspray is undesirable. This article describes a model of multicopter wake and its influence on particulate dispersion, which is computationally economical compared to many computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches, yet retains reasonable accuracy.
RESULTS
A model was successfully implemented in OpenFOAM. It features source terms for the rotor wash, Lagrangian particle tracking, an evaporation model, and a porous medium approach to model the effect of the ground vegetation. Predictions were validated against the field tests of Richardson et al. which used a DJI Agras MG‐1 multicopter in three different flights with airspeeds of 3.2–4.9 m s−1, ground speeds of 2.1–2.9 m s−1 and cross‐wind speeds of 0.04–2.2 m s−1. The effective swath width (30% line separation) was predicted to within one standard deviation. Sensitivity to a rotor rotational speed, flight height, flight velocity, multicopter roll and yaw angles, surface roughness length, plant height and leaf density was checked.
CONCLUSION
In all flight trials, the modelled swath was closest to the experimentally obtained swath when the surface roughness of the fetch was equal to 0.5 m (bushes) and the rotational speed of all rotors was equal to 2475 rpm with 0.75R (0.2 m) tall plant canopy (grass) introduced to the model. The model showed acceptable validity for flight velocities of ≤2.8–5 m s−1 when flight parameters can be approximately estimated. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
View from above on the modelled deposition of spray released under the flying multicopter in atmospheric boundary conditions. Parcels are coloured according to particle diameter in microns. The arrows show wind and flight velocity directions.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1526-498X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1526-4998</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/ps.7320</identifier><identifier>PMID: 36502365</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</publisher><subject>Aerodynamics ; CFD ; Computational fluid dynamics ; Computer applications ; crop spraying ; Evaporation ; Field tests ; Flight ; Fluid dynamics ; Height ; Hydrodynamics ; Mathematical models ; Model accuracy ; multicopters ; OpenFOAM ; Particle tracking ; Particulates ; Pest control ; Plants ; Plants (botany) ; Porous media ; Rolling motion ; Rotary wing aircraft ; Rotors ; Seeds ; spray dispersion ; Spraying ; Surface roughness ; Swath width ; unpiloted aerial vehicles ; Wind ; Wind speed ; Yaw</subject><ispartof>Pest management science, 2023-04, Vol.79 (4), p.1483-1499</ispartof><rights>2022 The Authors. published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.</rights><rights>2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.</rights><rights>2022. This article is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3780-61b62a75cf150c763872b8fe3834610a67931a45e15283e70f9c2bed6514fdee3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3780-61b62a75cf150c763872b8fe3834610a67931a45e15283e70f9c2bed6514fdee3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-9093-2060</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Fps.7320$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Fps.7320$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,1417,27924,27925,45574,45575</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36502365$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Chyrva, Illia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jermy, Mark</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Strand, Tara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Richardson, Brian</creatorcontrib><title>Evaluation of the pattern of spray released from a moving multicopter</title><title>Pest management science</title><addtitle>Pest Manag Sci</addtitle><description>BACKGROUND
Multicopters are used for releasing particulates seeds, fertilizer and spray. Their low cost and high manoeuvrability make them attractive for spraying in steep terrain and areas where overspray is undesirable. This article describes a model of multicopter wake and its influence on particulate dispersion, which is computationally economical compared to many computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches, yet retains reasonable accuracy.
RESULTS
A model was successfully implemented in OpenFOAM. It features source terms for the rotor wash, Lagrangian particle tracking, an evaporation model, and a porous medium approach to model the effect of the ground vegetation. Predictions were validated against the field tests of Richardson et al. which used a DJI Agras MG‐1 multicopter in three different flights with airspeeds of 3.2–4.9 m s−1, ground speeds of 2.1–2.9 m s−1 and cross‐wind speeds of 0.04–2.2 m s−1. The effective swath width (30% line separation) was predicted to within one standard deviation. Sensitivity to a rotor rotational speed, flight height, flight velocity, multicopter roll and yaw angles, surface roughness length, plant height and leaf density was checked.
CONCLUSION
In all flight trials, the modelled swath was closest to the experimentally obtained swath when the surface roughness of the fetch was equal to 0.5 m (bushes) and the rotational speed of all rotors was equal to 2475 rpm with 0.75R (0.2 m) tall plant canopy (grass) introduced to the model. The model showed acceptable validity for flight velocities of ≤2.8–5 m s−1 when flight parameters can be approximately estimated. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
View from above on the modelled deposition of spray released under the flying multicopter in atmospheric boundary conditions. Parcels are coloured according to particle diameter in microns. The arrows show wind and flight velocity directions.</description><subject>Aerodynamics</subject><subject>CFD</subject><subject>Computational fluid dynamics</subject><subject>Computer applications</subject><subject>crop spraying</subject><subject>Evaporation</subject><subject>Field tests</subject><subject>Flight</subject><subject>Fluid dynamics</subject><subject>Height</subject><subject>Hydrodynamics</subject><subject>Mathematical models</subject><subject>Model accuracy</subject><subject>multicopters</subject><subject>OpenFOAM</subject><subject>Particle tracking</subject><subject>Particulates</subject><subject>Pest control</subject><subject>Plants</subject><subject>Plants (botany)</subject><subject>Porous media</subject><subject>Rolling motion</subject><subject>Rotary wing aircraft</subject><subject>Rotors</subject><subject>Seeds</subject><subject>spray dispersion</subject><subject>Spraying</subject><subject>Surface roughness</subject><subject>Swath width</subject><subject>unpiloted aerial vehicles</subject><subject>Wind</subject><subject>Wind speed</subject><subject>Yaw</subject><issn>1526-498X</issn><issn>1526-4998</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>24P</sourceid><sourceid>WIN</sourceid><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp10F1LwzAUBuAgiptT_AcS8EJBOvPRpsmljPkBgoIK3oW0PdWOdqlJO9m_N_twF4I3Jyfw8HJ4ETqlZEwJYdetH6eckT00pAkTUayU3N_t8n2AjryfEUKUUuwQDbhICAtjiKbThal701V2jm2Ju0_Arek6cOuvb51ZYgc1GA8FLp1tsMGNXVTzD9z0dVfltg34GB2UpvZwsn1H6O12-jq5jx6f7h4mN49RzlNJIkEzwUya5CVNSJ4KLlOWyRK45LGgxIhUcWriBMLhkkNKSpWzDAqR0LgsAPgIXW5yW2e_evCdbiqfQ12bOdjea5YmnCkmiQr0_A-d2d7Nw3VBSUEol0IGdbFRubPeOyh166rGuKWmRK-a1a3Xq2aDPNvm9VkDxc79VhnA1QZ8VzUs_8vRzy_ruB-1Kn8j</recordid><startdate>202304</startdate><enddate>202304</enddate><creator>Chyrva, Illia</creator><creator>Jermy, Mark</creator><creator>Strand, Tara</creator><creator>Richardson, Brian</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</general><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>24P</scope><scope>WIN</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QR</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7T7</scope><scope>7U7</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>SOI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9093-2060</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202304</creationdate><title>Evaluation of the pattern of spray released from a moving multicopter</title><author>Chyrva, Illia ; Jermy, Mark ; Strand, Tara ; Richardson, Brian</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3780-61b62a75cf150c763872b8fe3834610a67931a45e15283e70f9c2bed6514fdee3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Aerodynamics</topic><topic>CFD</topic><topic>Computational fluid dynamics</topic><topic>Computer applications</topic><topic>crop spraying</topic><topic>Evaporation</topic><topic>Field tests</topic><topic>Flight</topic><topic>Fluid dynamics</topic><topic>Height</topic><topic>Hydrodynamics</topic><topic>Mathematical models</topic><topic>Model accuracy</topic><topic>multicopters</topic><topic>OpenFOAM</topic><topic>Particle tracking</topic><topic>Particulates</topic><topic>Pest control</topic><topic>Plants</topic><topic>Plants (botany)</topic><topic>Porous media</topic><topic>Rolling motion</topic><topic>Rotary wing aircraft</topic><topic>Rotors</topic><topic>Seeds</topic><topic>spray dispersion</topic><topic>Spraying</topic><topic>Surface roughness</topic><topic>Swath width</topic><topic>unpiloted aerial vehicles</topic><topic>Wind</topic><topic>Wind speed</topic><topic>Yaw</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Chyrva, Illia</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jermy, Mark</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Strand, Tara</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Richardson, Brian</creatorcontrib><collection>Wiley-Blackwell Open Access Titles</collection><collection>Wiley Free Content</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Chemoreception Abstracts</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>Industrial and Applied Microbiology Abstracts (Microbiology A)</collection><collection>Toxicology Abstracts</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>Environment Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Pest management science</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Chyrva, Illia</au><au>Jermy, Mark</au><au>Strand, Tara</au><au>Richardson, Brian</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Evaluation of the pattern of spray released from a moving multicopter</atitle><jtitle>Pest management science</jtitle><addtitle>Pest Manag Sci</addtitle><date>2023-04</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>79</volume><issue>4</issue><spage>1483</spage><epage>1499</epage><pages>1483-1499</pages><issn>1526-498X</issn><eissn>1526-4998</eissn><abstract>BACKGROUND
Multicopters are used for releasing particulates seeds, fertilizer and spray. Their low cost and high manoeuvrability make them attractive for spraying in steep terrain and areas where overspray is undesirable. This article describes a model of multicopter wake and its influence on particulate dispersion, which is computationally economical compared to many computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches, yet retains reasonable accuracy.
RESULTS
A model was successfully implemented in OpenFOAM. It features source terms for the rotor wash, Lagrangian particle tracking, an evaporation model, and a porous medium approach to model the effect of the ground vegetation. Predictions were validated against the field tests of Richardson et al. which used a DJI Agras MG‐1 multicopter in three different flights with airspeeds of 3.2–4.9 m s−1, ground speeds of 2.1–2.9 m s−1 and cross‐wind speeds of 0.04–2.2 m s−1. The effective swath width (30% line separation) was predicted to within one standard deviation. Sensitivity to a rotor rotational speed, flight height, flight velocity, multicopter roll and yaw angles, surface roughness length, plant height and leaf density was checked.
CONCLUSION
In all flight trials, the modelled swath was closest to the experimentally obtained swath when the surface roughness of the fetch was equal to 0.5 m (bushes) and the rotational speed of all rotors was equal to 2475 rpm with 0.75R (0.2 m) tall plant canopy (grass) introduced to the model. The model showed acceptable validity for flight velocities of ≤2.8–5 m s−1 when flight parameters can be approximately estimated. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
View from above on the modelled deposition of spray released under the flying multicopter in atmospheric boundary conditions. Parcels are coloured according to particle diameter in microns. The arrows show wind and flight velocity directions.</abstract><cop>Chichester, UK</cop><pub>John Wiley & Sons, Ltd</pub><pmid>36502365</pmid><doi>10.1002/ps.7320</doi><tpages>17</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9093-2060</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| source | MEDLINE; Wiley Journals |
| subjects | Aerodynamics CFD Computational fluid dynamics Computer applications crop spraying Evaporation Field tests Flight Fluid dynamics Height Hydrodynamics Mathematical models Model accuracy multicopters OpenFOAM Particle tracking Particulates Pest control Plants Plants (botany) Porous media Rolling motion Rotary wing aircraft Rotors Seeds spray dispersion Spraying Surface roughness Swath width unpiloted aerial vehicles Wind Wind speed Yaw |
| title | Evaluation of the pattern of spray released from a moving multicopter |
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