Geomorphometry and terrain analysis: data, methods, platforms and applications

Terrain is considered one of the most essential natural geographic features and is a key factor in physical processes. Geomorphometry and terrain analyses have provided a wealth of topographic data and corresponding tools, thus delivering insights into geomorphology, hydrology, soil science, and geographic information systems (GIS) in general. Recent advances in analysis theory, analysis methods, data-acquisition techniques and analysis platforms are impressive in their ability to interpret not only multiscale and multiaspect topographic characteristics but also the mechanisms and processes associated with terrain morphodynamics. In this context, we review progress in the fields of geomorphometry and terrain analysis, as well as the probable future paths of these two fields. In the data collection and construction processes, novel models and acquisition techniques can support the expression of complex terrain, and scholars have explored data-related challenges such as the accuracy and security of the utilized data. Terrain analyses have also been successful in constructing efficient analysis frameworks, transforming analysis units and methodologies, and highlighting the semantics of the analysis object as well as the continuity of Earth's surface processes. Moreover, terrain-related research and complex calculations have been aided by various analysis tools and platforms that have powerful and efficient processing capabilities. Furthermore, the application scopes of geomorphometry and terrain analysis have been broadened, especially in cross-analyses in which these techniques can be integrated with other disciplines.