A comprehensive review of anionic azo dyes adsorption on surface-functionalised silicas

Surface -functionalised silica networks are advanced adsorbents. They have been given much attention for treating wastewater using the adsorption technique due to the silanol reactivity, resulting in strong binding affinities towards many pollutants. This review discusses the removal of anionic azo...

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Veröffentlicht in:Environmental science and pollution research international 2022-11, Vol.29 (51), p.76565-76610
Hauptverfasser: Al-Amrani, Waheeba Ahmed, Hanafiah, Megat Ahmad Kamal Megat, Mohammed, Abdul-Hakeem Abdullah
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description Surface -functionalised silica networks are advanced adsorbents. They have been given much attention for treating wastewater using the adsorption technique due to the silanol reactivity, resulting in strong binding affinities towards many pollutants. This review discusses the removal of anionic azo dyes utilising various functional groups such as amines, surfactants, polymers, macrocyclic, and other chelating groups functionalised on silica’s surface. This review also reveals the steadily increasing interest in surface-functionalised silicas as adsorbents, emphasising the scholarly advancements in this field as a platform for future research. For that, adsorption capacities with different experimental conditions have been compared. The possible adsorption mechanisms, rate-limiting step, and factors affecting the anionic azo dye adsorption process have been comprehensively discussed. This review discloses that adsorbent characteristics such as porosity and functional groups, besides structural properties of an anionic azo dye, significantly affect adsorption. The adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order models, with a predominantly spontaneous and endothermic nature. Multiple interactions, including electrostatic interaction, π-π interactions, and hydrogen bonding, are observed between dyes and functionalised silicas, indicating the adsorption process’s complexity. Regeneration and cost-economic analysis are also presented to provide a roadmap for sustainable improvements. Chemical and biological regeneration techniques restore > 80% of the spent functionalised silicas. There is a significant opportunity to improve their efficiencies and regenerability, resulting in surface-functionalised silicas being used commercially instead of only in the laboratory. Finally, future research has been proposed by identifying current research gaps, particularly concerning the application of functionalised silicas in wastewater treatment. Graphical abstract
doi_str_mv 10.1007/s11356-022-23062-0
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subjects Adsorbents
Adsorption
Amines
Aquatic Pollution
Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution
Azo dyes
Chelation
Color removal
Cost analysis
Dyes
Earth and Environmental Science
Economic analysis
Ecotoxicology
Electrostatic properties
Endothermic reactions
Environment
Environmental Chemistry
Environmental Health
Environmental science
Functional groups
Hydrogen bonding
Pollutants
Polymers
Porosity
Regeneration
Review Article
Reviews
Silica
Silicon dioxide
Structure-function relationships
Surface chemistry
Waste Water Technology
Wastewater treatment
Water Management
Water Pollution Control
title A comprehensive review of anionic azo dyes adsorption on surface-functionalised silicas
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