Long-term control of Coxiellosis in sheep by annual primary vaccination of gimmers
Coxiella (C.) burnetii, a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium, causes Q fever in humans and Coxiellosis in animals. Ruminants are a primary source of human infection with C.burnetii. In 2013, vaccination was implemented in a sheep flock with 650 ewes associated with two outbreaks of Q fever in hum...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Vaccine 2022-08, Vol.40 (35), p.5197-5206 |
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| creator | Böttcher, Jens Bauer, Benjamin U. Ambros, Christina Alex, Michaela Domes, Ursula Roth, Sabine Boll, Kerstin Korneli, Martin Bogner, Karl-Heinz Randt, Andreas Janowetz, Britta |
| description | Coxiella (C.) burnetii, a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium, causes Q fever in humans and Coxiellosis in animals. Ruminants are a primary source of human infection with C.burnetii. In 2013, vaccination was implemented in a sheep flock with 650 ewes associated with two outbreaks of Q fever in humans in 2008 and 2012. Only gimmers (yearlings) received two doses of a commercial C.burnetii phase I whole cell vaccine three weeks apart (primary vaccination) without any revaccination. Vaginal and nasal swabs collected shortly after lambing were tested by qPCR. Additionally, a group of non-vaccinated sentinels was serologically monitored for phase I (PhI), II (PhII) antibodies and for Interferon γ (IFN-γ) after stimulation of whole blood cells with PhII-antigen with and without an IL-10-neutralizing monoclonal antibody. In 2021, 679 sera collected in 2014–2021 were retested retrospectively with three commercial ELISA kits and one batch of an in-house PhI/PhII-ELISA.
A low-level shedding of C.burnetii ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.07.029 |
| format | Article |
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A low-level shedding of C.burnetii (<103 mean C.burnetii/swab) was observed until 2014. In 2021 C.burnetii was detected in two animals (<103.1C.burnetii/swab), but vaginal swabs collected at two subsequent lambing seasons remained negative. Seroconversion of sentinels was detected until 2017. However, the retrospective analysis of sentinels in 2021 revealed additional single seropositive animals from 2018 to 2021. IFN-γ reactivity was observed during the whole study period; it peaked in 2014 and in 2018 and decreased thereafter.
The sporadic detection of C.burnetii and the immune responses of sentinels suggested that a subliminal infection persisted despite vaccination. Nevertheless, vaccination of gimmers prevented the development of a major outbreak, it controlled the infection and reduced the risk of human infection.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0264-410X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-2518</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.07.029</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Kidlington: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Abortion ; Animals ; Antibodies ; Antigens ; bacteria ; Blood cells ; Chronic fatigue syndrome ; Coxiella ; Farms ; flocks ; human diseases ; Immune response ; Immunity ; Infections ; Interferon ; Interleukin 10 ; Laboratories ; Monoclonal antibodies ; nose ; Outbreaks ; Q fever ; retrospective studies ; Seroconversion ; Serology ; seroprevalence ; Sheep ; Vaccination ; Vaccines ; Vagina ; γ-Interferon</subject><ispartof>Vaccine, 2022-08, Vol.40 (35), p.5197-5206</ispartof><rights>2022 Animal Health Service Bavaria</rights><rights>2022. Animal Health Service Bavaria</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c380t-8345869375618f7aaa41da242fac9b0d0f263d5eea591122850b4c840fa6b1553</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c380t-8345869375618f7aaa41da242fac9b0d0f263d5eea591122850b4c840fa6b1553</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X22009173$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3537,27901,27902,65306</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Böttcher, Jens</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bauer, Benjamin U.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ambros, Christina</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Alex, Michaela</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Domes, Ursula</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Roth, Sabine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Boll, Kerstin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Korneli, Martin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bogner, Karl-Heinz</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Randt, Andreas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Janowetz, Britta</creatorcontrib><title>Long-term control of Coxiellosis in sheep by annual primary vaccination of gimmers</title><title>Vaccine</title><description>Coxiella (C.) burnetii, a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium, causes Q fever in humans and Coxiellosis in animals. Ruminants are a primary source of human infection with C.burnetii. In 2013, vaccination was implemented in a sheep flock with 650 ewes associated with two outbreaks of Q fever in humans in 2008 and 2012. Only gimmers (yearlings) received two doses of a commercial C.burnetii phase I whole cell vaccine three weeks apart (primary vaccination) without any revaccination. Vaginal and nasal swabs collected shortly after lambing were tested by qPCR. Additionally, a group of non-vaccinated sentinels was serologically monitored for phase I (PhI), II (PhII) antibodies and for Interferon γ (IFN-γ) after stimulation of whole blood cells with PhII-antigen with and without an IL-10-neutralizing monoclonal antibody. In 2021, 679 sera collected in 2014–2021 were retested retrospectively with three commercial ELISA kits and one batch of an in-house PhI/PhII-ELISA.
A low-level shedding of C.burnetii (<103 mean C.burnetii/swab) was observed until 2014. In 2021 C.burnetii was detected in two animals (<103.1C.burnetii/swab), but vaginal swabs collected at two subsequent lambing seasons remained negative. Seroconversion of sentinels was detected until 2017. However, the retrospective analysis of sentinels in 2021 revealed additional single seropositive animals from 2018 to 2021. IFN-γ reactivity was observed during the whole study period; it peaked in 2014 and in 2018 and decreased thereafter.
The sporadic detection of C.burnetii and the immune responses of sentinels suggested that a subliminal infection persisted despite vaccination. Nevertheless, vaccination of gimmers prevented the development of a major outbreak, it controlled the infection and reduced the risk of human infection.</description><subject>Abortion</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antibodies</subject><subject>Antigens</subject><subject>bacteria</subject><subject>Blood cells</subject><subject>Chronic fatigue syndrome</subject><subject>Coxiella</subject><subject>Farms</subject><subject>flocks</subject><subject>human diseases</subject><subject>Immune response</subject><subject>Immunity</subject><subject>Infections</subject><subject>Interferon</subject><subject>Interleukin 10</subject><subject>Laboratories</subject><subject>Monoclonal antibodies</subject><subject>nose</subject><subject>Outbreaks</subject><subject>Q fever</subject><subject>retrospective studies</subject><subject>Seroconversion</subject><subject>Serology</subject><subject>seroprevalence</subject><subject>Sheep</subject><subject>Vaccination</subject><subject>Vaccines</subject><subject>Vagina</subject><subject>γ-Interferon</subject><issn>0264-410X</issn><issn>1873-2518</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>8G5</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>GUQSH</sourceid><sourceid>M2O</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkc1rGzEQxUVJoU7aP6EgyKWX3Yy-tadQTD8ChkBIoTcha2dTmV3Jldah-e-7xj7lktNcfu_NzHuEfGbQMmD6Ztc--xBiwpYD5y2YFnj3jqyYNaLhitkLsgKuZSMZ_P5ALmvdAYASrFuRh01OT82MZaIhp7nkkeaBrvO_iOOYa6w0Jlr_IO7p9oX6lA5-pPsSJ19e6Gmtn2NOR9VTnCYs9SN5P_ix4qfzvCK_vn97XP9sNvc_7tZfN00QFubGCqms7oRRmtnBeO8l6z2XfPCh20IPA9eiV4hedYxxbhVsZbASBq-3TClxRb6cfPcl_z1gnd0Ua1jO9gnzoTpumOXGMmXfRnVnhNZamgW9foXu8qGk5ZHFEIQECRoWSp2oUHKtBQd3zsQxcMdS3M6dS3HHUhwYt5Sy6G5POlyCeY5YXA0RU8A-Fgyz63N8w-E_v9OWoA</recordid><startdate>20220819</startdate><enddate>20220819</enddate><creator>Böttcher, 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gimmers</atitle><jtitle>Vaccine</jtitle><date>2022-08-19</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>40</volume><issue>35</issue><spage>5197</spage><epage>5206</epage><pages>5197-5206</pages><issn>0264-410X</issn><eissn>1873-2518</eissn><abstract>Coxiella (C.) burnetii, a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium, causes Q fever in humans and Coxiellosis in animals. Ruminants are a primary source of human infection with C.burnetii. In 2013, vaccination was implemented in a sheep flock with 650 ewes associated with two outbreaks of Q fever in humans in 2008 and 2012. Only gimmers (yearlings) received two doses of a commercial C.burnetii phase I whole cell vaccine three weeks apart (primary vaccination) without any revaccination. Vaginal and nasal swabs collected shortly after lambing were tested by qPCR. Additionally, a group of non-vaccinated sentinels was serologically monitored for phase I (PhI), II (PhII) antibodies and for Interferon γ (IFN-γ) after stimulation of whole blood cells with PhII-antigen with and without an IL-10-neutralizing monoclonal antibody. In 2021, 679 sera collected in 2014–2021 were retested retrospectively with three commercial ELISA kits and one batch of an in-house PhI/PhII-ELISA.
A low-level shedding of C.burnetii (<103 mean C.burnetii/swab) was observed until 2014. In 2021 C.burnetii was detected in two animals (<103.1C.burnetii/swab), but vaginal swabs collected at two subsequent lambing seasons remained negative. Seroconversion of sentinels was detected until 2017. However, the retrospective analysis of sentinels in 2021 revealed additional single seropositive animals from 2018 to 2021. IFN-γ reactivity was observed during the whole study period; it peaked in 2014 and in 2018 and decreased thereafter.
The sporadic detection of C.burnetii and the immune responses of sentinels suggested that a subliminal infection persisted despite vaccination. Nevertheless, vaccination of gimmers prevented the development of a major outbreak, it controlled the infection and reduced the risk of human infection.</abstract><cop>Kidlington</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><doi>10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.07.029</doi><tpages>10</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Abortion Animals Antibodies Antigens bacteria Blood cells Chronic fatigue syndrome Coxiella Farms flocks human diseases Immune response Immunity Infections Interferon Interleukin 10 Laboratories Monoclonal antibodies nose Outbreaks Q fever retrospective studies Seroconversion Serology seroprevalence Sheep Vaccination Vaccines Vagina γ-Interferon |
| title | Long-term control of Coxiellosis in sheep by annual primary vaccination of gimmers |
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