A practical topographic correction method for improving Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer gross primary productivity estimation over mountainous areas

•A topographic correction method was proposed to improve mountainous MODIS GPP.•Radiation, temperature, and water heterogeneity are useful for GPP correction.•Improvement of MODIS GPP after correction was proved at 11 mountainous sites.•It is essential to incorporate topography into coarse resolution GPP products. Time-series Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) gross primary productivity (GPP) has been served as an effective tool to assess the terrestrial carbon budget for the entire globe since 2000. However, the current MODIS GPP product neglects the surface heterogeneity in the modeling process and is always generated at 500 m or 1 km resolution, which could cause errors to these estimates over mountainous areas. In this work, the MODIS GPP model (MOD17) was applied to obtain 1 km GPP estimates at eleven mountainous sites. Then, a topographic correction method based on three indexes associated with the spatial heterogeneity of received radiation (TCIAPAR), temperature (TCITMIN), and water (TCIVPD) stresses was developed to reduce GPP errors in these MOD17-simulated estimates. Results showed that a closer relationship between tower-based GPP and MOD17-simulated GPP was achieved after applying the proposed topographic correction method, with the determination coefficient (R2) increased from 0.61 to 0.74 and root mean square error (RMSE) reduced from 24.24 to 14.56 gC m−2 8d−1 at all the eleven mountainous sites. As for the effectiveness of each topographic correction index, an obvious improvement of MOD17-simulated GPP was observed after TCIAPAR correction (increasing R2 by 0.09 and decreasing RMSE by 8.75 gC m−2 8d−1), TCITMIN correction (increasing R2 by 0.05 and decreasing RMSE by 7.80 gC m−2 8d−1), and TCIVPD correction (increasing R2 by 0.06 and decreasing RMSE by 7.89 gC m−2 8d−1), indicating that the spatial heterogeneity information of radiation, temperature, and water within coarse pixels is necessary for improving the MODIS GPP over mountainous areas. It is notable that the combination of the TCIAPAR, TCITMIN, and TCIVPD corrections was found to have the largest improvement for MOD17-simulated GPP (increasing R2 by 0.13 and decreasing RMSE by 9.68 gC m−2 8d−1), indicating that the combined consideration of topographic factors in the correction process might achieve a larger improvement. This study highlights the feasibility of incorporating surface topographic characteristics into current coarse resolution GPP products in obtai