Geographic and socioeconomic access disparities to Phase 3 clinical trials in ophthalmology in the United States
Background/Objective To identify geographic and socioeconomic variables associated with residential proximity to Phase 3 ophthalmology clinical trial sites. Methods The geographic location of clinical trial sites for Phase 3 clinical trials in ophthalmology was identified using ClinicalTrials.gov. D...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Eye (London) 2023-06, Vol.37 (9), p.1822-1828 |
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| creator | Soares, Rebecca Russ Huang, Charles Sharpe, James Cobbs, Lucy Gopal, Anand Rao, Winnie Samuelson, Annika Parikh, Devayu Zhang, Qiang Bailey, Robert Dunn, James P. Minor, Jade Moster, Mark L. Penne, Robert B. Shields, Carol Shukla, Aakriti G. Syed, Zeba Wisner, Douglas Haller, Julia A. Yonekawa, Yoshihiro |
| description | Background/Objective
To identify geographic and socioeconomic variables associated with residential proximity to Phase 3 ophthalmology clinical trial sites.
Methods
The geographic location of clinical trial sites for Phase 3 clinical trials in ophthalmology was identified using ClinicalTrials.gov. Driving time from each United States (US) census tract centroid to nearest clinical trial site was calculated using real traffic patterns. Travel data were crosslinked to census-tract level public datasets from United States Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS). Cross-sectional multivariable regression was used to identify associations between census-tract sociodemographic factors and driving time (>60 min) from each census tract centroid to the nearest clinical trial site.
Results
There were 2330 unique clinical trial sites and 71,897 census tracts. Shortest median time was to retina sites [33.7 min (18.7, 70.1 min)]. Longest median time was to neuro-ophthalmology sites [119.8 min (48.7, 240.4 min)]. Driving >60 min was associated with rural tracts [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 7.60; 95% CI (5.66–10.20),
p
|
| doi_str_mv | 10.1038/s41433-022-02244-7 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2716088304</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2716088304</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-900f0d1b5faea18a3ed7fb29f61157e006ee9bd29580d0cb66ed553e4a944bb23</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kc9rFTEQx4Mo9rX6D3iQgBcvq5Nfm92jlFoLBQUteAvZZPZtyu5mTfIO_e_N81UFDx6GgZnPfBP4EPKKwTsGonufJZNCNMD5saRs9BOyY1K3jZJKPiU76BU0nPPvZ-Q853uAutTwnJyJlnGhWrYj2zXGfbLbFBy1q6c5uhDRxTUux4lzmDP1IW82hRIw0xLpl8lmpIK6OazB2ZmWFOycaVhp3KYy2XmJc9w_HAdlQnq3hoKefi22YH5Bno0VxpeP_YLcfbz6dvmpuf18fXP54bZxQqvS9AAjeDao0aJlnRXo9TjwfmwZUxoBWsR-8LxXHXhwQ9uiV0qgtL2Uw8DFBXl7yt1S_HHAXMwSssN5tivGQzZcsxa6ToCs6Jt_0Pt4SGv9neEd1wBKC6gUP1EuxZwTjmZLYbHpwTAwRx_m5MNUF-aXD6Pr0evH6MOwoP9z8ltABcQJyHW17jH9ffs_sT8BAqeWhw</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2827005730</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Geographic and socioeconomic access disparities to Phase 3 clinical trials in ophthalmology in the United States</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings</source><creator>Soares, Rebecca Russ ; Huang, Charles ; Sharpe, James ; Cobbs, Lucy ; Gopal, Anand ; Rao, Winnie ; Samuelson, Annika ; Parikh, Devayu ; Zhang, Qiang ; Bailey, Robert ; Dunn, James P. ; Minor, Jade ; Moster, Mark L. ; Penne, Robert B. ; Shields, Carol ; Shukla, Aakriti G. ; Syed, Zeba ; Wisner, Douglas ; Haller, Julia A. ; Yonekawa, Yoshihiro</creator><creatorcontrib>Soares, Rebecca Russ ; Huang, Charles ; Sharpe, James ; Cobbs, Lucy ; Gopal, Anand ; Rao, Winnie ; Samuelson, Annika ; Parikh, Devayu ; Zhang, Qiang ; Bailey, Robert ; Dunn, James P. ; Minor, Jade ; Moster, Mark L. ; Penne, Robert B. ; Shields, Carol ; Shukla, Aakriti G. ; Syed, Zeba ; Wisner, Douglas ; Haller, Julia A. ; Yonekawa, Yoshihiro</creatorcontrib><description>Background/Objective
To identify geographic and socioeconomic variables associated with residential proximity to Phase 3 ophthalmology clinical trial sites.
Methods
The geographic location of clinical trial sites for Phase 3 clinical trials in ophthalmology was identified using ClinicalTrials.gov. Driving time from each United States (US) census tract centroid to nearest clinical trial site was calculated using real traffic patterns. Travel data were crosslinked to census-tract level public datasets from United States Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS). Cross-sectional multivariable regression was used to identify associations between census-tract sociodemographic factors and driving time (>60 min) from each census tract centroid to the nearest clinical trial site.
Results
There were 2330 unique clinical trial sites and 71,897 census tracts. Shortest median time was to retina sites [33.7 min (18.7, 70.1 min)]. Longest median time was to neuro-ophthalmology sites [119.8 min (48.7, 240.4 min)]. Driving >60 min was associated with rural tracts [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 7.60; 95% CI (5.66–10.20),
p
< 0.0001]; Midwest [aOR 1.84(1.15–2.96),
p
= 0.01], South [aOR 2.57 (1.38–4.79),
p
< 0.01], and West [aOR 2.52 (1.52–4.17),
p
< 0.001] v. Northeast; and tracts with higher visual impairment [aOR 1.07 (1.03–1.10),
p
< 0.001)]; higher poverty levels [4th v.1st Quartile of population below poverty, aOR 2.26 (1.72–2.98),
p
< 0.0001]; and lower education levels [high school v. Bachelor’s degree or higher aOR 1.02 (1.00–1.03),
p
= 0.0072].
Conclusions
There are significant geographic and socioeconomic disparities in access to ophthalmology clinical trial sites for rural, non-Northeastern, poorer, and lower education level census tracts, and for census tracts with higher levels of self-reported visual impairment.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0950-222X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1476-5454</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/s41433-022-02244-7</identifier><identifier>PMID: 36123561</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: Nature Publishing Group UK</publisher><subject>692/700/478/174 ; 706/703/559 ; Census ; Censuses ; Clinical trials ; Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Laboratory Medicine ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Ophthalmology ; Pharmaceutical Sciences/Technology ; Residence Characteristics ; Socioeconomic Disparities in Health ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Surgery ; Surgical Oncology ; United States ; Vision Disorders ; Visual impairment</subject><ispartof>Eye (London), 2023-06, Vol.37 (9), p.1822-1828</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Royal College of Ophthalmologists 2022. Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><rights>2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to The Royal College of Ophthalmologists.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-900f0d1b5faea18a3ed7fb29f61157e006ee9bd29580d0cb66ed553e4a944bb23</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-900f0d1b5faea18a3ed7fb29f61157e006ee9bd29580d0cb66ed553e4a944bb23</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-3288-3632 ; 0000-0003-1697-1496</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1038/s41433-022-02244-7$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1038/s41433-022-02244-7$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36123561$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Soares, Rebecca Russ</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Charles</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sharpe, James</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cobbs, Lucy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gopal, Anand</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rao, Winnie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Samuelson, Annika</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Parikh, Devayu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Qiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bailey, Robert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dunn, James P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Minor, Jade</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moster, Mark L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Penne, Robert B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shields, Carol</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shukla, Aakriti G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Syed, Zeba</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wisner, Douglas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Haller, Julia A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yonekawa, Yoshihiro</creatorcontrib><title>Geographic and socioeconomic access disparities to Phase 3 clinical trials in ophthalmology in the United States</title><title>Eye (London)</title><addtitle>Eye</addtitle><addtitle>Eye (Lond)</addtitle><description>Background/Objective
To identify geographic and socioeconomic variables associated with residential proximity to Phase 3 ophthalmology clinical trial sites.
Methods
The geographic location of clinical trial sites for Phase 3 clinical trials in ophthalmology was identified using ClinicalTrials.gov. Driving time from each United States (US) census tract centroid to nearest clinical trial site was calculated using real traffic patterns. Travel data were crosslinked to census-tract level public datasets from United States Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS). Cross-sectional multivariable regression was used to identify associations between census-tract sociodemographic factors and driving time (>60 min) from each census tract centroid to the nearest clinical trial site.
Results
There were 2330 unique clinical trial sites and 71,897 census tracts. Shortest median time was to retina sites [33.7 min (18.7, 70.1 min)]. Longest median time was to neuro-ophthalmology sites [119.8 min (48.7, 240.4 min)]. Driving >60 min was associated with rural tracts [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 7.60; 95% CI (5.66–10.20),
p
< 0.0001]; Midwest [aOR 1.84(1.15–2.96),
p
= 0.01], South [aOR 2.57 (1.38–4.79),
p
< 0.01], and West [aOR 2.52 (1.52–4.17),
p
< 0.001] v. Northeast; and tracts with higher visual impairment [aOR 1.07 (1.03–1.10),
p
< 0.001)]; higher poverty levels [4th v.1st Quartile of population below poverty, aOR 2.26 (1.72–2.98),
p
< 0.0001]; and lower education levels [high school v. Bachelor’s degree or higher aOR 1.02 (1.00–1.03),
p
= 0.0072].
Conclusions
There are significant geographic and socioeconomic disparities in access to ophthalmology clinical trial sites for rural, non-Northeastern, poorer, and lower education level census tracts, and for census tracts with higher levels of self-reported visual impairment.</description><subject>692/700/478/174</subject><subject>706/703/559</subject><subject>Census</subject><subject>Censuses</subject><subject>Clinical trials</subject><subject>Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Laboratory Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Ophthalmology</subject><subject>Pharmaceutical Sciences/Technology</subject><subject>Residence Characteristics</subject><subject>Socioeconomic Disparities in Health</subject><subject>Socioeconomic Factors</subject><subject>Surgery</subject><subject>Surgical Oncology</subject><subject>United States</subject><subject>Vision Disorders</subject><subject>Visual impairment</subject><issn>0950-222X</issn><issn>1476-5454</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kc9rFTEQx4Mo9rX6D3iQgBcvq5Nfm92jlFoLBQUteAvZZPZtyu5mTfIO_e_N81UFDx6GgZnPfBP4EPKKwTsGonufJZNCNMD5saRs9BOyY1K3jZJKPiU76BU0nPPvZ-Q853uAutTwnJyJlnGhWrYj2zXGfbLbFBy1q6c5uhDRxTUux4lzmDP1IW82hRIw0xLpl8lmpIK6OazB2ZmWFOycaVhp3KYy2XmJc9w_HAdlQnq3hoKefi22YH5Bno0VxpeP_YLcfbz6dvmpuf18fXP54bZxQqvS9AAjeDao0aJlnRXo9TjwfmwZUxoBWsR-8LxXHXhwQ9uiV0qgtL2Uw8DFBXl7yt1S_HHAXMwSssN5tivGQzZcsxa6ToCs6Jt_0Pt4SGv9neEd1wBKC6gUP1EuxZwTjmZLYbHpwTAwRx_m5MNUF-aXD6Pr0evH6MOwoP9z8ltABcQJyHW17jH9ffs_sT8BAqeWhw</recordid><startdate>20230601</startdate><enddate>20230601</enddate><creator>Soares, Rebecca Russ</creator><creator>Huang, Charles</creator><creator>Sharpe, James</creator><creator>Cobbs, Lucy</creator><creator>Gopal, Anand</creator><creator>Rao, Winnie</creator><creator>Samuelson, Annika</creator><creator>Parikh, Devayu</creator><creator>Zhang, Qiang</creator><creator>Bailey, Robert</creator><creator>Dunn, James P.</creator><creator>Minor, Jade</creator><creator>Moster, Mark L.</creator><creator>Penne, Robert B.</creator><creator>Shields, Carol</creator><creator>Shukla, Aakriti G.</creator><creator>Syed, Zeba</creator><creator>Wisner, Douglas</creator><creator>Haller, Julia A.</creator><creator>Yonekawa, Yoshihiro</creator><general>Nature Publishing Group UK</general><general>Nature Publishing Group</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3288-3632</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1697-1496</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20230601</creationdate><title>Geographic and socioeconomic access disparities to Phase 3 clinical trials in ophthalmology in the United States</title><author>Soares, Rebecca Russ ; Huang, Charles ; Sharpe, James ; Cobbs, Lucy ; Gopal, Anand ; Rao, Winnie ; Samuelson, Annika ; Parikh, Devayu ; Zhang, Qiang ; Bailey, Robert ; Dunn, James P. ; Minor, Jade ; Moster, Mark L. ; Penne, Robert B. ; Shields, Carol ; Shukla, Aakriti G. ; Syed, Zeba ; Wisner, Douglas ; Haller, Julia A. ; Yonekawa, Yoshihiro</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c375t-900f0d1b5faea18a3ed7fb29f61157e006ee9bd29580d0cb66ed553e4a944bb23</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>692/700/478/174</topic><topic>706/703/559</topic><topic>Census</topic><topic>Censuses</topic><topic>Clinical trials</topic><topic>Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Laboratory Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Ophthalmology</topic><topic>Pharmaceutical Sciences/Technology</topic><topic>Residence Characteristics</topic><topic>Socioeconomic Disparities in Health</topic><topic>Socioeconomic Factors</topic><topic>Surgery</topic><topic>Surgical Oncology</topic><topic>United States</topic><topic>Vision Disorders</topic><topic>Visual impairment</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Soares, Rebecca Russ</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Huang, Charles</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sharpe, James</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cobbs, Lucy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gopal, Anand</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rao, Winnie</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Samuelson, Annika</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Parikh, Devayu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Zhang, Qiang</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bailey, Robert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dunn, James P.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Minor, Jade</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Moster, Mark L.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Penne, Robert B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shields, Carol</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shukla, Aakriti G.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Syed, Zeba</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wisner, Douglas</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Haller, Julia A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yonekawa, Yoshihiro</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Neurosciences Abstracts</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Eye (London)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Soares, Rebecca Russ</au><au>Huang, Charles</au><au>Sharpe, James</au><au>Cobbs, Lucy</au><au>Gopal, Anand</au><au>Rao, Winnie</au><au>Samuelson, Annika</au><au>Parikh, Devayu</au><au>Zhang, Qiang</au><au>Bailey, Robert</au><au>Dunn, James P.</au><au>Minor, Jade</au><au>Moster, Mark L.</au><au>Penne, Robert B.</au><au>Shields, Carol</au><au>Shukla, Aakriti G.</au><au>Syed, Zeba</au><au>Wisner, Douglas</au><au>Haller, Julia A.</au><au>Yonekawa, Yoshihiro</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Geographic and socioeconomic access disparities to Phase 3 clinical trials in ophthalmology in the United States</atitle><jtitle>Eye (London)</jtitle><stitle>Eye</stitle><addtitle>Eye (Lond)</addtitle><date>2023-06-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>37</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>1822</spage><epage>1828</epage><pages>1822-1828</pages><issn>0950-222X</issn><eissn>1476-5454</eissn><abstract>Background/Objective
To identify geographic and socioeconomic variables associated with residential proximity to Phase 3 ophthalmology clinical trial sites.
Methods
The geographic location of clinical trial sites for Phase 3 clinical trials in ophthalmology was identified using ClinicalTrials.gov. Driving time from each United States (US) census tract centroid to nearest clinical trial site was calculated using real traffic patterns. Travel data were crosslinked to census-tract level public datasets from United States Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS). Cross-sectional multivariable regression was used to identify associations between census-tract sociodemographic factors and driving time (>60 min) from each census tract centroid to the nearest clinical trial site.
Results
There were 2330 unique clinical trial sites and 71,897 census tracts. Shortest median time was to retina sites [33.7 min (18.7, 70.1 min)]. Longest median time was to neuro-ophthalmology sites [119.8 min (48.7, 240.4 min)]. Driving >60 min was associated with rural tracts [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 7.60; 95% CI (5.66–10.20),
p
< 0.0001]; Midwest [aOR 1.84(1.15–2.96),
p
= 0.01], South [aOR 2.57 (1.38–4.79),
p
< 0.01], and West [aOR 2.52 (1.52–4.17),
p
< 0.001] v. Northeast; and tracts with higher visual impairment [aOR 1.07 (1.03–1.10),
p
< 0.001)]; higher poverty levels [4th v.1st Quartile of population below poverty, aOR 2.26 (1.72–2.98),
p
< 0.0001]; and lower education levels [high school v. Bachelor’s degree or higher aOR 1.02 (1.00–1.03),
p
= 0.0072].
Conclusions
There are significant geographic and socioeconomic disparities in access to ophthalmology clinical trial sites for rural, non-Northeastern, poorer, and lower education level census tracts, and for census tracts with higher levels of self-reported visual impairment.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>Nature Publishing Group UK</pub><pmid>36123561</pmid><doi>10.1038/s41433-022-02244-7</doi><tpages>7</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3288-3632</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1697-1496</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
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| ispartof | Eye (London), 2023-06, Vol.37 (9), p.1822-1828 |
| issn | 0950-222X 1476-5454 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2716088304 |
| source | MEDLINE; PubMed Central; SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings |
| subjects | 692/700/478/174 706/703/559 Census Censuses Clinical trials Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic Cross-Sectional Studies Humans Laboratory Medicine Medicine Medicine & Public Health Ophthalmology Pharmaceutical Sciences/Technology Residence Characteristics Socioeconomic Disparities in Health Socioeconomic Factors Surgery Surgical Oncology United States Vision Disorders Visual impairment |
| title | Geographic and socioeconomic access disparities to Phase 3 clinical trials in ophthalmology in the United States |
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