Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a multi-system disease influenced by ageing and sex, and affected by adipose tissue and intestinal function
In recent years, a wealth of factors are associated with increased risk of developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and NAFLD is now thought to increase the risk of multiple extra-hepatic diseases. The aim of this review is first to focus on the role of ageing and sex as key, poorly unde...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 2022-05, Vol.81 (2), p.146-161 |
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| description | In recent years, a wealth of factors are associated with increased risk of developing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and NAFLD is now thought to increase the risk of multiple extra-hepatic diseases. The aim of this review is first to focus on the role of ageing and sex as key, poorly understood risk factors in the development and progression of NAFLD. Secondly, we aim to discuss the roles of white adipose tissue (WAT) and intestinal dysfunction, as producers of extra-hepatic factors known to further contribute to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Finally, we aim to summarise the role of NAFLD as a multi-system disease affecting other organ systems beyond the liver. Both increased age and male sex increase the risk of NAFLD and this may be partly driven by alterations in the distribution and function of WAT. Similarly, changes in gut microbiota composition and intestinal function with ageing and chronic overnutrition are likely to contribute to the development of NAFLD both directly (i.e. by affecting hepatic function) and indirectly via exacerbating WAT dysfunction. Consequently, the presence of NAFLD significantly increases the risk of various extra-hepatic diseases including CVD, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease and certain extra-hepatic cancers. Thus changes in WAT and intestinal function with ageing and chronic overnutrition contribute to the development of NAFLD – a multi-system disease that subsequently contributes to the development of other chronic cardiometabolic diseases. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1017/S0029665121003815 |
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The aim of this review is first to focus on the role of ageing and sex as key, poorly understood risk factors in the development and progression of NAFLD. Secondly, we aim to discuss the roles of white adipose tissue (WAT) and intestinal dysfunction, as producers of extra-hepatic factors known to further contribute to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Finally, we aim to summarise the role of NAFLD as a multi-system disease affecting other organ systems beyond the liver. Both increased age and male sex increase the risk of NAFLD and this may be partly driven by alterations in the distribution and function of WAT. Similarly, changes in gut microbiota composition and intestinal function with ageing and chronic overnutrition are likely to contribute to the development of NAFLD both directly (i.e. by affecting hepatic function) and indirectly via exacerbating WAT dysfunction. Consequently, the presence of NAFLD significantly increases the risk of various extra-hepatic diseases including CVD, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease and certain extra-hepatic cancers. Thus changes in WAT and intestinal function with ageing and chronic overnutrition contribute to the development of NAFLD – a multi-system disease that subsequently contributes to the development of other chronic cardiometabolic diseases.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0029-6651</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1475-2719</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1017/S0029665121003815</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cambridge: Cambridge University Press</publisher><subject>Adipose tissue ; Age groups ; Aging ; Body fat ; Diabetes ; Diabetes mellitus ; Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent) ; Fatty liver ; Heart diseases ; Intestinal microflora ; Intestine ; Kidney diseases ; Lipids ; Liver ; Liver cancer ; Liver cirrhosis ; Liver diseases ; Metabolic disorders ; Mortality ; Obesity ; Overnutrition ; Pathogenesis ; Risk factors ; Sex ; Sexes ; Women</subject><ispartof>Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 2022-05, Vol.81 (2), p.146-161</ispartof><rights>Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. (the “License”). 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Consequently, the presence of NAFLD significantly increases the risk of various extra-hepatic diseases including CVD, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease and certain extra-hepatic cancers. Thus changes in WAT and intestinal function with ageing and chronic overnutrition contribute to the development of NAFLD – a multi-system disease that subsequently contributes to the development of other chronic cardiometabolic diseases.</description><subject>Adipose tissue</subject><subject>Age groups</subject><subject>Aging</subject><subject>Body fat</subject><subject>Diabetes</subject><subject>Diabetes mellitus</subject><subject>Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent)</subject><subject>Fatty liver</subject><subject>Heart diseases</subject><subject>Intestinal microflora</subject><subject>Intestine</subject><subject>Kidney diseases</subject><subject>Lipids</subject><subject>Liver</subject><subject>Liver cancer</subject><subject>Liver cirrhosis</subject><subject>Liver diseases</subject><subject>Metabolic disorders</subject><subject>Mortality</subject><subject>Obesity</subject><subject>Overnutrition</subject><subject>Pathogenesis</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Sex</subject><subject>Sexes</subject><subject>Women</subject><issn>0029-6651</issn><issn>1475-2719</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><recordid>eNplkU1PxCAQhonRxPXjB3gj8eLBKtBCizdj_Eo2elDPDYVhZcPCWqhx_4S_2a6rFz3NZJ5nJpO8CB1RckYJrc-fCGFSCE4ZJaRsKN9CE1rVvGA1ldtossbFmu-ivZTmhFBRNWKCPh9iKJTX8TV6p7FVOa-wd-_QY-MSqAQXWOHF4LMr0iplWPzOsQvWDxA0GNytsJqBCzOsgsEJPk6_G2Ut6PzDjVvGcSu7lAb4xi5kSNkF5bEdgs4uhgO0Y5VPcPhT99HLzfXz1V0xfby9v7qcFrqsZC54yblhTUc4gAAubck6S2pTSVMzKzqhoKyaxlILknFhOsMbYrSVZASKQbmPTjZ3l318G8Yv2oVLGrxXAeKQWiaklFxUUo7q8R91Hod-fHq0Gkk4o01djxbdWLqPKfVg22XvFqpftZS064TafwmVX2MKhWc</recordid><startdate>20220501</startdate><enddate>20220501</enddate><creator>Bilson, Josh</creator><creator>Sethi, Jaswinder K.</creator><creator>Byrne, Christopher D.</creator><general>Cambridge University Press</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7T5</scope><scope>7TK</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>RC3</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4665-3886</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4157-0475</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220501</creationdate><title>Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a multi-system disease influenced by ageing and sex, and affected by adipose tissue and intestinal function</title><author>Bilson, Josh ; 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Consequently, the presence of NAFLD significantly increases the risk of various extra-hepatic diseases including CVD, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease and certain extra-hepatic cancers. Thus changes in WAT and intestinal function with ageing and chronic overnutrition contribute to the development of NAFLD – a multi-system disease that subsequently contributes to the development of other chronic cardiometabolic diseases.</abstract><cop>Cambridge</cop><pub>Cambridge University Press</pub><doi>10.1017/S0029665121003815</doi><tpages>16</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4665-3886</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4157-0475</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adipose tissue Age groups Aging Body fat Diabetes Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent) Fatty liver Heart diseases Intestinal microflora Intestine Kidney diseases Lipids Liver Liver cancer Liver cirrhosis Liver diseases Metabolic disorders Mortality Obesity Overnutrition Pathogenesis Risk factors Sex Sexes Women |
| title | Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a multi-system disease influenced by ageing and sex, and affected by adipose tissue and intestinal function |
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