Human thumb consists of three phalanges and lacks metacarpal? A morphometric study on the long bones of the hand
Purpose For many years, it was thought that the thumb consists of just two phalanges that differentiate it from the other four medial triphalangeal fingers. But there are some old reports that few former scientists believed the thumb has three phalanges and it lacked a metacarpal, and the thumb meta...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Surgical and radiologic anatomy (English ed.) 2022-08, Vol.44 (8), p.1101-1109 |
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creator | Haeri, Seyed Mohammad Jafar Ebrahimi, Babak Faghih, Marjan Babazadeh-Zavieh, Seyedeh Saeideh Dashti, Gholam Reza |
description | Purpose
For many years, it was thought that the thumb consists of just two phalanges that differentiate it from the other four medial triphalangeal fingers. But there are some old reports that few former scientists believed the thumb has three phalanges and it lacked a metacarpal, and the thumb metacarpal is a phalanx. So this anthropometric study was carried out by investigating the morphology of the long bones of the hand and correlations between the thumb metacarpal and other miniature long bones of the hand.
Methods
We studied anterior–posterior X-ray images of the right hands of 80 individuals from 18 to 65 years old. The exploration targets were the length of all metacarpals (MC), proximal phalanges (PP), middle phalanges (MP), and distal phalanges (DP). Friedman Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance and Dunn’s post hoc test were carried out to compare the means of all variables. The correlation between all quantitative factors was done by Spearman Rank Correlation (Spearman's Rho) coefficient.
Results
Our results showed that the length of the phalanges and the total length of the fingers are independent of the related metacarpal length (
P
< 0.001). Also, the thumb metacarpal length in comparison to all bones of the hand was significantly different from all long bones of the hand except the proximal phalanx of the middle finger (
P
= 1).
Conclusion
Based on the morphology of the long bones of the hand and the high similarity between the thumb metacarpal and phalanges especially the proximal phalanx of the middle finger, it can be suggested that the current thumb metacarpal is a proximal phalanx of the thumb. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s00276-022-02986-9 |
format | Article |
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For many years, it was thought that the thumb consists of just two phalanges that differentiate it from the other four medial triphalangeal fingers. But there are some old reports that few former scientists believed the thumb has three phalanges and it lacked a metacarpal, and the thumb metacarpal is a phalanx. So this anthropometric study was carried out by investigating the morphology of the long bones of the hand and correlations between the thumb metacarpal and other miniature long bones of the hand.
Methods
We studied anterior–posterior X-ray images of the right hands of 80 individuals from 18 to 65 years old. The exploration targets were the length of all metacarpals (MC), proximal phalanges (PP), middle phalanges (MP), and distal phalanges (DP). Friedman Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance and Dunn’s post hoc test were carried out to compare the means of all variables. The correlation between all quantitative factors was done by Spearman Rank Correlation (Spearman's Rho) coefficient.
Results
Our results showed that the length of the phalanges and the total length of the fingers are independent of the related metacarpal length (
P
< 0.001). Also, the thumb metacarpal length in comparison to all bones of the hand was significantly different from all long bones of the hand except the proximal phalanx of the middle finger (
P
= 1).
Conclusion
Based on the morphology of the long bones of the hand and the high similarity between the thumb metacarpal and phalanges especially the proximal phalanx of the middle finger, it can be suggested that the current thumb metacarpal is a proximal phalanx of the thumb.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1279-8517</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 0930-1038</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1279-8517</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s00276-022-02986-9</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Paris: Springer Paris</publisher><subject>Anatomy ; Finger ; Fingers & toes ; Hand ; Imaging ; Medicine ; Medicine & Public Health ; Metacarpal ; Morphology ; Original Article ; Orthopedics ; Radiology ; Surgery</subject><ispartof>Surgical and radiologic anatomy (English ed.), 2022-08, Vol.44 (8), p.1101-1109</ispartof><rights>The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature 2022. Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c282t-73d222f82a94cd0c11e4e284f4683d505aa4de8de028a7cd33488c6367f2134f3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c282t-73d222f82a94cd0c11e4e284f4683d505aa4de8de028a7cd33488c6367f2134f3</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-1924-7700 ; 0000-0002-2725-6423</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00276-022-02986-9$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00276-022-02986-9$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925,41488,42557,51319</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Haeri, Seyed Mohammad Jafar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ebrahimi, Babak</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Faghih, Marjan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Babazadeh-Zavieh, Seyedeh Saeideh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dashti, Gholam Reza</creatorcontrib><title>Human thumb consists of three phalanges and lacks metacarpal? A morphometric study on the long bones of the hand</title><title>Surgical and radiologic anatomy (English ed.)</title><addtitle>Surg Radiol Anat</addtitle><description>Purpose
For many years, it was thought that the thumb consists of just two phalanges that differentiate it from the other four medial triphalangeal fingers. But there are some old reports that few former scientists believed the thumb has three phalanges and it lacked a metacarpal, and the thumb metacarpal is a phalanx. So this anthropometric study was carried out by investigating the morphology of the long bones of the hand and correlations between the thumb metacarpal and other miniature long bones of the hand.
Methods
We studied anterior–posterior X-ray images of the right hands of 80 individuals from 18 to 65 years old. The exploration targets were the length of all metacarpals (MC), proximal phalanges (PP), middle phalanges (MP), and distal phalanges (DP). Friedman Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance and Dunn’s post hoc test were carried out to compare the means of all variables. The correlation between all quantitative factors was done by Spearman Rank Correlation (Spearman's Rho) coefficient.
Results
Our results showed that the length of the phalanges and the total length of the fingers are independent of the related metacarpal length (
P
< 0.001). Also, the thumb metacarpal length in comparison to all bones of the hand was significantly different from all long bones of the hand except the proximal phalanx of the middle finger (
P
= 1).
Conclusion
Based on the morphology of the long bones of the hand and the high similarity between the thumb metacarpal and phalanges especially the proximal phalanx of the middle finger, it can be suggested that the current thumb metacarpal is a proximal phalanx of the thumb.</description><subject>Anatomy</subject><subject>Finger</subject><subject>Fingers & toes</subject><subject>Hand</subject><subject>Imaging</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine & Public Health</subject><subject>Metacarpal</subject><subject>Morphology</subject><subject>Original Article</subject><subject>Orthopedics</subject><subject>Radiology</subject><subject>Surgery</subject><issn>1279-8517</issn><issn>0930-1038</issn><issn>1279-8517</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>ABUWG</sourceid><sourceid>AFKRA</sourceid><sourceid>AZQEC</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><sourceid>CCPQU</sourceid><sourceid>DWQXO</sourceid><sourceid>GNUQQ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kTFPwzAQhS0EEqXwB5gssbAE7LMTOxOqKqBIlVhgtlzHaVKSONjJ0H-PSyqBGBhOPp2-93S-h9A1JXeUEHEfCAGRJQQgVi6zJD9BMwoiT2RKxemv_hxdhLAjhKSUyhnqV2OrOzxUY7vBxnWhDkPArowTby3uK93obmsD1l2BG20-Am7toI32vW4e8AK3zveVizNfGxyGsdhjd_CzuHHdFm9cZ49-FlfR5BKdlboJ9ur4ztH70-PbcpWsX59flot1YkDCkAhWAEApQefcFMRQarkFyUueSVakJNWaF1YWloDUwhSMcSlNxjJRAmW8ZHN0O_n23n2ONgyqrYOxTfyOdWNQkOUZibdjLKI3f9CdG30Xt1MgCDDOiDxQMFHGuxC8LVXv61b7vaJEHUJQUwgqhqC-Q1B5FLFJFCIc7-h_rP9RfQGC64mr</recordid><startdate>20220801</startdate><enddate>20220801</enddate><creator>Haeri, Seyed Mohammad Jafar</creator><creator>Ebrahimi, Babak</creator><creator>Faghih, Marjan</creator><creator>Babazadeh-Zavieh, Seyedeh Saeideh</creator><creator>Dashti, Gholam Reza</creator><general>Springer Paris</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>8AO</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1924-7700</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2725-6423</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20220801</creationdate><title>Human thumb consists of three phalanges and lacks metacarpal? A morphometric study on the long bones of the hand</title><author>Haeri, Seyed Mohammad Jafar ; Ebrahimi, Babak ; Faghih, Marjan ; Babazadeh-Zavieh, Seyedeh Saeideh ; Dashti, Gholam Reza</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c282t-73d222f82a94cd0c11e4e284f4683d505aa4de8de028a7cd33488c6367f2134f3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Anatomy</topic><topic>Finger</topic><topic>Fingers & toes</topic><topic>Hand</topic><topic>Imaging</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine & Public Health</topic><topic>Metacarpal</topic><topic>Morphology</topic><topic>Original Article</topic><topic>Orthopedics</topic><topic>Radiology</topic><topic>Surgery</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Haeri, Seyed Mohammad Jafar</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ebrahimi, Babak</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Faghih, Marjan</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Babazadeh-Zavieh, Seyedeh Saeideh</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dashti, Gholam Reza</creatorcontrib><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Pharma Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Surgical and radiologic anatomy (English ed.)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Haeri, Seyed Mohammad Jafar</au><au>Ebrahimi, Babak</au><au>Faghih, Marjan</au><au>Babazadeh-Zavieh, Seyedeh Saeideh</au><au>Dashti, Gholam Reza</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Human thumb consists of three phalanges and lacks metacarpal? A morphometric study on the long bones of the hand</atitle><jtitle>Surgical and radiologic anatomy (English ed.)</jtitle><stitle>Surg Radiol Anat</stitle><date>2022-08-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>44</volume><issue>8</issue><spage>1101</spage><epage>1109</epage><pages>1101-1109</pages><issn>1279-8517</issn><issn>0930-1038</issn><eissn>1279-8517</eissn><abstract>Purpose
For many years, it was thought that the thumb consists of just two phalanges that differentiate it from the other four medial triphalangeal fingers. But there are some old reports that few former scientists believed the thumb has three phalanges and it lacked a metacarpal, and the thumb metacarpal is a phalanx. So this anthropometric study was carried out by investigating the morphology of the long bones of the hand and correlations between the thumb metacarpal and other miniature long bones of the hand.
Methods
We studied anterior–posterior X-ray images of the right hands of 80 individuals from 18 to 65 years old. The exploration targets were the length of all metacarpals (MC), proximal phalanges (PP), middle phalanges (MP), and distal phalanges (DP). Friedman Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance and Dunn’s post hoc test were carried out to compare the means of all variables. The correlation between all quantitative factors was done by Spearman Rank Correlation (Spearman's Rho) coefficient.
Results
Our results showed that the length of the phalanges and the total length of the fingers are independent of the related metacarpal length (
P
< 0.001). Also, the thumb metacarpal length in comparison to all bones of the hand was significantly different from all long bones of the hand except the proximal phalanx of the middle finger (
P
= 1).
Conclusion
Based on the morphology of the long bones of the hand and the high similarity between the thumb metacarpal and phalanges especially the proximal phalanx of the middle finger, it can be suggested that the current thumb metacarpal is a proximal phalanx of the thumb.</abstract><cop>Paris</cop><pub>Springer Paris</pub><doi>10.1007/s00276-022-02986-9</doi><tpages>9</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1924-7700</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2725-6423</orcidid></addata></record> |
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source | SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings |
subjects | Anatomy Finger Fingers & toes Hand Imaging Medicine Medicine & Public Health Metacarpal Morphology Original Article Orthopedics Radiology Surgery |
title | Human thumb consists of three phalanges and lacks metacarpal? A morphometric study on the long bones of the hand |
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