Effects of licorice on sex hormones and the reproductive system

•This review summarizes, for the first time, the effects of licorice extracts on sex hormones and the reproductive system as described in preclinical and clinical studies•Potential estrogenic activity of licorice extract have been shown•The review of the literature highlights a possible therapeutic use of some licorice extracts, especially to relieve menopausal symptoms and improve infertility•Interpretation of the results is complicated by the huge variability in chemical profiles of licorice products The potential clinical effects of licorice (Glycyrrhiza spp.) and its extracts have been investigated since ancient times. Whether pseudohyperaldosteronism, with consequent arterial hypertension, is the only endocrine effect produced by licorice is uncertain, and a role in the reproductive system has been proposed. This review aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the pharmacologic effects of licorice on male and female reproductive systems. Overall, 1462 records were extracted from electronic databases and systematically examined. A total of 28 studies were included in the final analysis. Preclinical and clinical studies revealed estrogen-like activity of licorice components, especially flavonoids, isoflavonoids, and chalcones, showing a potential role of licorice in ameliorating symptoms associated with estrogen insufficiency. Preclinical studies also showed weak antiandrogen properties and beneficial effects of licorice on gonadal function in both sexes, but clinical studies yield to poor and conflicting results depending on the type and dose of licorice. Licorice consumption can affect the reproductive system. However, its role needs to be further explored, especially due to the great variability of bioactive compounds used in existing studies.