Fact or Artifact? Demand Characteristics and Participants' Beliefs Can Moderate, but Do Not Fully Account for, the Effects of Facial Feedback on Emotional Experience
The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that an individual's facial expressions can influence their emotional experience (e.g., that smiling can make one feel happier). However, a reoccurring concern is that supposed facial feedback effects are merely methodological artifacts. Six experiments c...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of personality and social psychology 2023-02, Vol.124 (2), p.287-310 |
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| container_title | Journal of personality and social psychology |
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| creator | Coles, Nicholas A. Gaertner, Lowell Frohlich, Brooke Larsen, Jeff T. Basnight-Brown, Dana M. |
| description | The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that an individual's facial expressions can influence their emotional experience (e.g., that smiling can make one feel happier). However, a reoccurring concern is that supposed facial feedback effects are merely methodological artifacts. Six experiments conducted across 29 countries (N = 995) examined the extent to which the effects of posed facial expressions on emotion reports were moderated by (a) the hypothesis communicated to participants (i.e., demand characteristics) and (b) participants' beliefs about facial feedback effects. Results indicated that these methodological artifacts moderated, but did not fully account for, the effects of posed facial expressions on emotion reports. Even when participants were explicitly told or personally believed that facial poses do not influence emotions, they still exhibited facial feedback effects. These results indicate that facial feedback effects are not solely driven by demand or placebo effects. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1037/pspa0000316 |
| format | Article |
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Demand Characteristics and Participants' Beliefs Can Moderate, but Do Not Fully Account for, the Effects of Facial Feedback on Emotional Experience</title><source>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</source><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Sociological Abstracts</source><source>EBSCOhost APA PsycARTICLES</source><creator>Coles, Nicholas A. ; Gaertner, Lowell ; Frohlich, Brooke ; Larsen, Jeff T. ; Basnight-Brown, Dana M.</creator><contributor>Albarracín, Dolores ; Kitayama, Shinobu</contributor><creatorcontrib>Coles, Nicholas A. ; Gaertner, Lowell ; Frohlich, Brooke ; Larsen, Jeff T. ; Basnight-Brown, Dana M. ; Albarracín, Dolores ; Kitayama, Shinobu</creatorcontrib><description>The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that an individual's facial expressions can influence their emotional experience (e.g., that smiling can make one feel happier). However, a reoccurring concern is that supposed facial feedback effects are merely methodological artifacts. Six experiments conducted across 29 countries (N = 995) examined the extent to which the effects of posed facial expressions on emotion reports were moderated by (a) the hypothesis communicated to participants (i.e., demand characteristics) and (b) participants' beliefs about facial feedback effects. Results indicated that these methodological artifacts moderated, but did not fully account for, the effects of posed facial expressions on emotion reports. Even when participants were explicitly told or personally believed that facial poses do not influence emotions, they still exhibited facial feedback effects. 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Demand Characteristics and Participants' Beliefs Can Moderate, but Do Not Fully Account for, the Effects of Facial Feedback on Emotional Experience</title><title>Journal of personality and social psychology</title><addtitle>J Pers Soc Psychol</addtitle><description>The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that an individual's facial expressions can influence their emotional experience (e.g., that smiling can make one feel happier). However, a reoccurring concern is that supposed facial feedback effects are merely methodological artifacts. Six experiments conducted across 29 countries (N = 995) examined the extent to which the effects of posed facial expressions on emotion reports were moderated by (a) the hypothesis communicated to participants (i.e., demand characteristics) and (b) participants' beliefs about facial feedback effects. Results indicated that these methodological artifacts moderated, but did not fully account for, the effects of posed facial expressions on emotion reports. Even when participants were explicitly told or personally believed that facial poses do not influence emotions, they still exhibited facial feedback effects. These results indicate that facial feedback effects are not solely driven by demand or placebo effects.</description><subject>Emotional States</subject><subject>Emotions</subject><subject>Experiences (Events)</subject><subject>Facial Expression</subject><subject>Facial Expressions</subject><subject>Feedback</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Human</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Placebo</subject><subject>Placebo effect</subject><subject>Smiles</subject><subject>Smiling</subject><issn>0022-3514</issn><issn>1939-1315</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><sourceid>BHHNA</sourceid><recordid>eNp90U2P0zAQBuAIgdiycOKORuIAEg34I7GTEyrdFpCWjwOco4kz1mZJ4qztSPQH8T9x6YIQB3yxPXo8Y-nNssecveRM6ldzmJGlJbm6k614LeucS17ezVaMCZHLkhdn2YMQrpMpSiHuZ2eyVFwLUa6yH3s0EZyHjY-9TefXcEEjTh1sr9CnO_k-xN4EONY-Y1Kmn3GK4Rm8oaEnG2CLE3xwHXmMtIZ2iXDh4KOLsF-G4QAbY9wyRbDOryFeEeysJRMDOAtpeo8D7Im6Fs03cBPsRhd7N6Xq7vucptNk6GF2z-IQ6NHtfp593e--bN_ll5_evt9uLnMseB1ziUiitVowUQnFO0kt57UQWKCUrSTFDFoirKhjpULdslqVpLuWW12L0sjz7Pmp7-zdzUIhNmMfDA0DTuSW0AilGVMFY3WiT_-h127x6dtJaaV0JXVR_VcpVSvBuVZJvTgp410Inmwz-35Ef2g4a44ZN39lnPST255LO1L3x_4ONYH1CeCM6eXB_EptoGAW72mKx24NF0UjGlFp-RMl47E4</recordid><startdate>20230201</startdate><enddate>20230201</enddate><creator>Coles, Nicholas A.</creator><creator>Gaertner, Lowell</creator><creator>Frohlich, Brooke</creator><creator>Larsen, Jeff T.</creator><creator>Basnight-Brown, Dana M.</creator><general>American Psychological Association</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7RZ</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>7QJ</scope><scope>7U4</scope><scope>8BJ</scope><scope>BHHNA</scope><scope>DWI</scope><scope>FQK</scope><scope>JBE</scope><scope>WZK</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5696-6662</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7200-6976</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8583-5610</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0954-5598</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0495-6697</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20230201</creationdate><title>Fact or Artifact? Demand Characteristics and Participants' Beliefs Can Moderate, but Do Not Fully Account for, the Effects of Facial Feedback on Emotional Experience</title><author>Coles, Nicholas A. ; Gaertner, Lowell ; Frohlich, Brooke ; Larsen, Jeff T. ; Basnight-Brown, Dana M.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-a419t-3aae2bf72028261d3eb11922a4a33b3e60cafeea8ed056a7b0965e7db1f7925c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><topic>Emotional States</topic><topic>Emotions</topic><topic>Experiences (Events)</topic><topic>Facial Expression</topic><topic>Facial Expressions</topic><topic>Feedback</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Human</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Placebo</topic><topic>Placebo effect</topic><topic>Smiles</topic><topic>Smiling</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Coles, Nicholas A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gaertner, Lowell</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Frohlich, Brooke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Larsen, Jeff T.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Basnight-Brown, Dana M.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>PsycArticles (via ProQuest)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><collection>Sociological Abstracts (pre-2017)</collection><collection>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences (IBSS)</collection><collection>Sociological Abstracts</collection><collection>Sociological Abstracts</collection><collection>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences</collection><collection>International Bibliography of the Social Sciences</collection><collection>Sociological Abstracts (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of personality and social psychology</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Coles, Nicholas A.</au><au>Gaertner, Lowell</au><au>Frohlich, Brooke</au><au>Larsen, Jeff T.</au><au>Basnight-Brown, Dana M.</au><au>Albarracín, Dolores</au><au>Kitayama, Shinobu</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Fact or Artifact? 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| source | Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA); MEDLINE; Sociological Abstracts; EBSCOhost APA PsycARTICLES |
| subjects | Emotional States Emotions Experiences (Events) Facial Expression Facial Expressions Feedback Female Human Humans Male Placebo Placebo effect Smiles Smiling |
| title | Fact or Artifact? Demand Characteristics and Participants' Beliefs Can Moderate, but Do Not Fully Account for, the Effects of Facial Feedback on Emotional Experience |
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