First Report of Thread Blight Caused by Marasmius tenuissimus on Cacao ( Theobroma cacao ) in Peru

Peru is the second largest producer of organic cocoa and one of the most important suppliers of fine aroma cocoa beans in the world (Sánchez et al. 2019). The fine aroma cocoa produced by smallholder farmers in the Bagua and Utcubamba Provinces, Amazonas Department, under the name of "Cacao Ama...

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Veröffentlicht in:Plant disease 2023-01, Vol.107 (1), p.219
Hauptverfasser: Huamán-Pilco, Angel Fernando, Torres-de la Cruz, Magdiel, Aime, Mary Catherine, Leiva-Espinoza, Santos Triunfo, Oliva-Cruz, Segundo Manuel, Díaz-Valderrama, Jorge Ronny
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container_title Plant disease
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creator Huamán-Pilco, Angel Fernando
Torres-de la Cruz, Magdiel
Aime, Mary Catherine
Leiva-Espinoza, Santos Triunfo
Oliva-Cruz, Segundo Manuel
Díaz-Valderrama, Jorge Ronny
description Peru is the second largest producer of organic cocoa and one of the most important suppliers of fine aroma cocoa beans in the world (Sánchez et al. 2019). The fine aroma cocoa produced by smallholder farmers in the Bagua and Utcubamba Provinces, Amazonas Department, under the name of "Cacao Amazonas Peru", is protected by the Peruvian appellation rules (Díaz-Valderrama et al. 2020). Despite this importance, native diseases of the crop ( ) are poorly documented due to difficulty of access in this region. In November 2020 we conducted expeditions into Imaza District (4°47'09.4"S 78°16'51.6"W), a significant producer of fine aroma cocoa in terms of number of cultivated plots (4,651 out of 6,505 total in the Bagua Province) (INEI 2012). We visited 20 farms of < 2-ha in size; in 19 of these small farms, trees were found infected with a white fungal thread blight and rhizomorphs covering branches and leaves. Disease incidence ranged from 90 to nearly 100%, and severity exceeded 80% on the eight farms with the most deficient phytosanitary management. Heavily infected leaves were hanging on branches by mycelial threads, harboring tiny (0.5 to 5.3 mm broad) white mushrooms. These symptoms and signs correspond to the thread blight disease constellation (TBD) of cacao caused by various species of and (Amoako-Attah et al. 2020). Mushrooms lacked a collarium, and their stipes were absent or rudimentary (< 2-mm long) and eccentric, consistent with (Tan et al. 2009). Axenic cultures were obtained by surface sterilization of mycelium threads with 2% NaClO, rinsed three times in sterile water, plated on potato dextrose agar medium (PDA), and incubated for 7 days at 25°C. Hyphae was non-pigmented with clamp connections, consistent with the genus . We extracted the DNA of isolate INDES-AFHP31 using the Wizard® Purification Kit (Promega Corp., Madison, Wisconsin) and sequenced the rDNA internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 intervening the 5.8S subunit (ITS), and the 28S subunit (LSU) (Accession numbers: OM720123 and OM720135) according to Aime and Phillips-Mora (2005). The ITS and LSU sequences were 97.92 to 98.79% and 99.07 to 99.30% identical, respectively, with published sequences from from Ghana (Amoako-Attah et al. 2020). The pathogenicity test was conducted by inoculation of ten healthy cacao leaves with 7-day-old mycelium PDA discs of isolate INDES-AFHP31. An equal number of healthy cacao leaves were inoculated with PDA discs without mycelium as control. The observation
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The fine aroma cocoa produced by smallholder farmers in the Bagua and Utcubamba Provinces, Amazonas Department, under the name of "Cacao Amazonas Peru", is protected by the Peruvian appellation rules (Díaz-Valderrama et al. 2020). Despite this importance, native diseases of the crop ( ) are poorly documented due to difficulty of access in this region. In November 2020 we conducted expeditions into Imaza District (4°47'09.4"S 78°16'51.6"W), a significant producer of fine aroma cocoa in terms of number of cultivated plots (4,651 out of 6,505 total in the Bagua Province) (INEI 2012). We visited 20 farms of &lt; 2-ha in size; in 19 of these small farms, trees were found infected with a white fungal thread blight and rhizomorphs covering branches and leaves. Disease incidence ranged from 90 to nearly 100%, and severity exceeded 80% on the eight farms with the most deficient phytosanitary management. Heavily infected leaves were hanging on branches by mycelial threads, harboring tiny (0.5 to 5.3 mm broad) white mushrooms. These symptoms and signs correspond to the thread blight disease constellation (TBD) of cacao caused by various species of and (Amoako-Attah et al. 2020). Mushrooms lacked a collarium, and their stipes were absent or rudimentary (&lt; 2-mm long) and eccentric, consistent with (Tan et al. 2009). Axenic cultures were obtained by surface sterilization of mycelium threads with 2% NaClO, rinsed three times in sterile water, plated on potato dextrose agar medium (PDA), and incubated for 7 days at 25°C. Hyphae was non-pigmented with clamp connections, consistent with the genus . We extracted the DNA of isolate INDES-AFHP31 using the Wizard® Purification Kit (Promega Corp., Madison, Wisconsin) and sequenced the rDNA internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 intervening the 5.8S subunit (ITS), and the 28S subunit (LSU) (Accession numbers: OM720123 and OM720135) according to Aime and Phillips-Mora (2005). The ITS and LSU sequences were 97.92 to 98.79% and 99.07 to 99.30% identical, respectively, with published sequences from from Ghana (Amoako-Attah et al. 2020). The pathogenicity test was conducted by inoculation of ten healthy cacao leaves with 7-day-old mycelium PDA discs of isolate INDES-AFHP31. An equal number of healthy cacao leaves were inoculated with PDA discs without mycelium as control. The observation of TBD symptoms and signs in the non-control set of cacao leaves starting at 3 days post inoculation, and the re-isolation of the same fungus from infected tissue confirmed its pathogenicity on cacao. Isolate INDES-AFHP31 was deposited as a dried culture into the herbarium Kuélap of the Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (voucher KUELAP-2251). was originally reported from dead and living twigs and leaves of unidentified dicotyledonous trees from Indonesia, Brazil, and Bolivia (Singer 1976). However, it was first associated with TBD of cacao in Ghana in 2020, being the most frequently TBD-causing fungus isolated in the country (Amoako-Attah et al. 2020). Its discovery in 19 of the 20 surveyed cacao farms in Imaza District, Amazonas, Peru, reveals its importance as a cacao pathogen in the Western hemisphere.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0191-2917</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1943-7692</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-02-22-0420-PDN</identifier><identifier>PMID: 35522953</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States</publisher><ispartof>Plant disease, 2023-01, Vol.107 (1), p.219</ispartof><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c305t-c2f310dc8cb6530cef4cc1a43ac9ddf567de81dd82dfd8bb2ee412b41f06e97b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c305t-c2f310dc8cb6530cef4cc1a43ac9ddf567de81dd82dfd8bb2ee412b41f06e97b3</cites><orcidid>0000-0001-8293-1658 ; 0000-0002-1015-3751</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,3711,27901,27902</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35522953$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Huamán-Pilco, Angel Fernando</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Torres-de la Cruz, Magdiel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aime, Mary Catherine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leiva-Espinoza, Santos Triunfo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oliva-Cruz, Segundo Manuel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Díaz-Valderrama, Jorge Ronny</creatorcontrib><title>First Report of Thread Blight Caused by Marasmius tenuissimus on Cacao ( Theobroma cacao ) in Peru</title><title>Plant disease</title><addtitle>Plant Dis</addtitle><description>Peru is the second largest producer of organic cocoa and one of the most important suppliers of fine aroma cocoa beans in the world (Sánchez et al. 2019). The fine aroma cocoa produced by smallholder farmers in the Bagua and Utcubamba Provinces, Amazonas Department, under the name of "Cacao Amazonas Peru", is protected by the Peruvian appellation rules (Díaz-Valderrama et al. 2020). Despite this importance, native diseases of the crop ( ) are poorly documented due to difficulty of access in this region. In November 2020 we conducted expeditions into Imaza District (4°47'09.4"S 78°16'51.6"W), a significant producer of fine aroma cocoa in terms of number of cultivated plots (4,651 out of 6,505 total in the Bagua Province) (INEI 2012). We visited 20 farms of &lt; 2-ha in size; in 19 of these small farms, trees were found infected with a white fungal thread blight and rhizomorphs covering branches and leaves. Disease incidence ranged from 90 to nearly 100%, and severity exceeded 80% on the eight farms with the most deficient phytosanitary management. Heavily infected leaves were hanging on branches by mycelial threads, harboring tiny (0.5 to 5.3 mm broad) white mushrooms. These symptoms and signs correspond to the thread blight disease constellation (TBD) of cacao caused by various species of and (Amoako-Attah et al. 2020). Mushrooms lacked a collarium, and their stipes were absent or rudimentary (&lt; 2-mm long) and eccentric, consistent with (Tan et al. 2009). Axenic cultures were obtained by surface sterilization of mycelium threads with 2% NaClO, rinsed three times in sterile water, plated on potato dextrose agar medium (PDA), and incubated for 7 days at 25°C. Hyphae was non-pigmented with clamp connections, consistent with the genus . We extracted the DNA of isolate INDES-AFHP31 using the Wizard® Purification Kit (Promega Corp., Madison, Wisconsin) and sequenced the rDNA internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 intervening the 5.8S subunit (ITS), and the 28S subunit (LSU) (Accession numbers: OM720123 and OM720135) according to Aime and Phillips-Mora (2005). The ITS and LSU sequences were 97.92 to 98.79% and 99.07 to 99.30% identical, respectively, with published sequences from from Ghana (Amoako-Attah et al. 2020). The pathogenicity test was conducted by inoculation of ten healthy cacao leaves with 7-day-old mycelium PDA discs of isolate INDES-AFHP31. An equal number of healthy cacao leaves were inoculated with PDA discs without mycelium as control. The observation of TBD symptoms and signs in the non-control set of cacao leaves starting at 3 days post inoculation, and the re-isolation of the same fungus from infected tissue confirmed its pathogenicity on cacao. Isolate INDES-AFHP31 was deposited as a dried culture into the herbarium Kuélap of the Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (voucher KUELAP-2251). was originally reported from dead and living twigs and leaves of unidentified dicotyledonous trees from Indonesia, Brazil, and Bolivia (Singer 1976). However, it was first associated with TBD of cacao in Ghana in 2020, being the most frequently TBD-causing fungus isolated in the country (Amoako-Attah et al. 2020). Its discovery in 19 of the 20 surveyed cacao farms in Imaza District, Amazonas, Peru, reveals its importance as a cacao pathogen in the Western hemisphere.</description><issn>0191-2917</issn><issn>1943-7692</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2023</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNo9kMlOwzAQhi0EglJ4AiTkIxwM4yVpcoSyVYJSQTlbXiY0qKmLnRx4e1IonGbR989IHyEnHC44lOpydjN5ZSCYEAyUADa7me6QAS-VZKO8FLtkALzkTJR8dEAOU_oAAKXyYp8cyCwToszkgNi7OqaWvuA6xJaGis4XEY2n18v6fdHSsekSemq_6JOJJjV1l2iLq65OqW76Pqx6xJlAz_ogBhtDY6j72ZzTekVnGLsjsleZZcLjbR2St7vb-fiBPT7fT8ZXj8xJyFrmRCU5eFc4m2cSHFbKOW6UNK70vsrykceCe18IX_nCWoGouLCKV5BjObJySM5-765j-Owwtbqpk8Pl0qwwdEmLPOdQAPC8R-Uv6mJIKWKl17FuTPzSHPRGrt7I1SC0EHojt5-nfep0-6CzDfr_zJ9N-Q3WvnY6</recordid><startdate>20230101</startdate><enddate>20230101</enddate><creator>Huamán-Pilco, Angel Fernando</creator><creator>Torres-de la Cruz, Magdiel</creator><creator>Aime, Mary Catherine</creator><creator>Leiva-Espinoza, Santos Triunfo</creator><creator>Oliva-Cruz, Segundo Manuel</creator><creator>Díaz-Valderrama, Jorge Ronny</creator><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8293-1658</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1015-3751</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20230101</creationdate><title>First Report of Thread Blight Caused by Marasmius tenuissimus on Cacao ( Theobroma cacao ) in Peru</title><author>Huamán-Pilco, Angel Fernando ; Torres-de la Cruz, Magdiel ; Aime, Mary Catherine ; Leiva-Espinoza, Santos Triunfo ; Oliva-Cruz, Segundo Manuel ; Díaz-Valderrama, Jorge Ronny</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c305t-c2f310dc8cb6530cef4cc1a43ac9ddf567de81dd82dfd8bb2ee412b41f06e97b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2023</creationdate><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Huamán-Pilco, Angel Fernando</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Torres-de la Cruz, Magdiel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aime, Mary Catherine</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Leiva-Espinoza, Santos Triunfo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Oliva-Cruz, Segundo Manuel</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Díaz-Valderrama, Jorge Ronny</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Plant disease</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Huamán-Pilco, Angel Fernando</au><au>Torres-de la Cruz, Magdiel</au><au>Aime, Mary Catherine</au><au>Leiva-Espinoza, Santos Triunfo</au><au>Oliva-Cruz, Segundo Manuel</au><au>Díaz-Valderrama, Jorge Ronny</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>First Report of Thread Blight Caused by Marasmius tenuissimus on Cacao ( Theobroma cacao ) in Peru</atitle><jtitle>Plant disease</jtitle><addtitle>Plant Dis</addtitle><date>2023-01-01</date><risdate>2023</risdate><volume>107</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>219</spage><pages>219-</pages><issn>0191-2917</issn><eissn>1943-7692</eissn><abstract>Peru is the second largest producer of organic cocoa and one of the most important suppliers of fine aroma cocoa beans in the world (Sánchez et al. 2019). The fine aroma cocoa produced by smallholder farmers in the Bagua and Utcubamba Provinces, Amazonas Department, under the name of "Cacao Amazonas Peru", is protected by the Peruvian appellation rules (Díaz-Valderrama et al. 2020). Despite this importance, native diseases of the crop ( ) are poorly documented due to difficulty of access in this region. In November 2020 we conducted expeditions into Imaza District (4°47'09.4"S 78°16'51.6"W), a significant producer of fine aroma cocoa in terms of number of cultivated plots (4,651 out of 6,505 total in the Bagua Province) (INEI 2012). We visited 20 farms of &lt; 2-ha in size; in 19 of these small farms, trees were found infected with a white fungal thread blight and rhizomorphs covering branches and leaves. Disease incidence ranged from 90 to nearly 100%, and severity exceeded 80% on the eight farms with the most deficient phytosanitary management. Heavily infected leaves were hanging on branches by mycelial threads, harboring tiny (0.5 to 5.3 mm broad) white mushrooms. These symptoms and signs correspond to the thread blight disease constellation (TBD) of cacao caused by various species of and (Amoako-Attah et al. 2020). Mushrooms lacked a collarium, and their stipes were absent or rudimentary (&lt; 2-mm long) and eccentric, consistent with (Tan et al. 2009). Axenic cultures were obtained by surface sterilization of mycelium threads with 2% NaClO, rinsed three times in sterile water, plated on potato dextrose agar medium (PDA), and incubated for 7 days at 25°C. Hyphae was non-pigmented with clamp connections, consistent with the genus . We extracted the DNA of isolate INDES-AFHP31 using the Wizard® Purification Kit (Promega Corp., Madison, Wisconsin) and sequenced the rDNA internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 intervening the 5.8S subunit (ITS), and the 28S subunit (LSU) (Accession numbers: OM720123 and OM720135) according to Aime and Phillips-Mora (2005). The ITS and LSU sequences were 97.92 to 98.79% and 99.07 to 99.30% identical, respectively, with published sequences from from Ghana (Amoako-Attah et al. 2020). The pathogenicity test was conducted by inoculation of ten healthy cacao leaves with 7-day-old mycelium PDA discs of isolate INDES-AFHP31. An equal number of healthy cacao leaves were inoculated with PDA discs without mycelium as control. The observation of TBD symptoms and signs in the non-control set of cacao leaves starting at 3 days post inoculation, and the re-isolation of the same fungus from infected tissue confirmed its pathogenicity on cacao. Isolate INDES-AFHP31 was deposited as a dried culture into the herbarium Kuélap of the Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas (voucher KUELAP-2251). was originally reported from dead and living twigs and leaves of unidentified dicotyledonous trees from Indonesia, Brazil, and Bolivia (Singer 1976). However, it was first associated with TBD of cacao in Ghana in 2020, being the most frequently TBD-causing fungus isolated in the country (Amoako-Attah et al. 2020). Its discovery in 19 of the 20 surveyed cacao farms in Imaza District, Amazonas, Peru, reveals its importance as a cacao pathogen in the Western hemisphere.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pmid>35522953</pmid><doi>10.1094/PDIS-02-22-0420-PDN</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8293-1658</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1015-3751</orcidid></addata></record>
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title First Report of Thread Blight Caused by Marasmius tenuissimus on Cacao ( Theobroma cacao ) in Peru
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