Prenatal diagnosis of hepatic interruption of the inferior vena cava with azygos/hemiazygos continuation without structural heart defects: A case series
Objectives To describe fetal spectrum and echocardiographic characteristics of interrupted inferior vena cava (IIVC) with azygos/hemiazygous continuation without other structural heart defects and to evaluate its association with visceral heterotaxy and isomerism, extracardiac and genetic anomalies,...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Journal of clinical ultrasound 2022-07, Vol.50 (6), p.795-802 |
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description | Objectives
To describe fetal spectrum and echocardiographic characteristics of interrupted inferior vena cava (IIVC) with azygos/hemiazygous continuation without other structural heart defects and to evaluate its association with visceral heterotaxy and isomerism, extracardiac and genetic anomalies, and to review neonatal outcome.
Methods
This was a retrospective study of 14 fetuses with a confirmed diagnosis of IIVC with normal intracardiac anatomy. The following variables were collected; indication for referral, gestational age at diagnosis; associated isomerism and visceral heterotaxy, heart rhythm, genetic and extracardiac abnormalities, and fetal/neonatal outcome.
Results
Among 36 fetuses with IIVC, 14 cases (38.8%) had normal intracardiac anatomy. These IIVC cases correspond to 0.19% (14/7250) of all fetal cardiac examinations, and to 1.5% (14/922) of all cardiac abnormalities. Six patients had visceral abnormalities. Atrial appendage morphology was clearly depicted in three fetuses, both appendages were left. One fetus had bradyarrhythmia revealing atrial ectopic rhythm. Six fetuses did not have any concomitant cardiac or visceral abnormalities, therefore regarded as isolated. All babies were delivered at term with a good prognosis.
Conclusion
Our study has shown that almost half of the IIVC cases without intracardiac structural anomalies displayed other findings of isomerism while the other half was isolated benign vascular variant. Therefore, prenatal diagnosis of IIVC should prompt a comprehensive evaluation for cardiac, situs, and visceral anomalies. The outcome is favorable.
Isolated IIVC is an extremely rare vascular anomaly. The prevalence of IIVC with structurally normal heart was 0.16% in general population, it was 1.3% in fetuses with cardiac anomalies in our series. Heterotaxy may be found even in the absence of intracardiac anomaly in IIVC. IIVC not accompanied by cardiac anomalies are mostly asymptomatic, even cases with heterotaxy have a good prognosis. Prognosis of IIVC depends on accompanying anomalies, such as cardiac anomalies, heart block, biliary atresia, and intestinal malrotation. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1002/jcu.23209 |
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To describe fetal spectrum and echocardiographic characteristics of interrupted inferior vena cava (IIVC) with azygos/hemiazygous continuation without other structural heart defects and to evaluate its association with visceral heterotaxy and isomerism, extracardiac and genetic anomalies, and to review neonatal outcome.
Methods
This was a retrospective study of 14 fetuses with a confirmed diagnosis of IIVC with normal intracardiac anatomy. The following variables were collected; indication for referral, gestational age at diagnosis; associated isomerism and visceral heterotaxy, heart rhythm, genetic and extracardiac abnormalities, and fetal/neonatal outcome.
Results
Among 36 fetuses with IIVC, 14 cases (38.8%) had normal intracardiac anatomy. These IIVC cases correspond to 0.19% (14/7250) of all fetal cardiac examinations, and to 1.5% (14/922) of all cardiac abnormalities. Six patients had visceral abnormalities. Atrial appendage morphology was clearly depicted in three fetuses, both appendages were left. One fetus had bradyarrhythmia revealing atrial ectopic rhythm. Six fetuses did not have any concomitant cardiac or visceral abnormalities, therefore regarded as isolated. All babies were delivered at term with a good prognosis.
Conclusion
Our study has shown that almost half of the IIVC cases without intracardiac structural anomalies displayed other findings of isomerism while the other half was isolated benign vascular variant. Therefore, prenatal diagnosis of IIVC should prompt a comprehensive evaluation for cardiac, situs, and visceral anomalies. The outcome is favorable.
Isolated IIVC is an extremely rare vascular anomaly. The prevalence of IIVC with structurally normal heart was 0.16% in general population, it was 1.3% in fetuses with cardiac anomalies in our series. Heterotaxy may be found even in the absence of intracardiac anomaly in IIVC. IIVC not accompanied by cardiac anomalies are mostly asymptomatic, even cases with heterotaxy have a good prognosis. Prognosis of IIVC depends on accompanying anomalies, such as cardiac anomalies, heart block, biliary atresia, and intestinal malrotation.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0091-2751</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1097-0096</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/jcu.23209</identifier><identifier>PMID: 35355279</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Hoboken, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc</publisher><subject>Abnormalities ; Anatomy ; Anomalies ; Appendages ; azygos continuation ; Defects ; Diagnosis ; Evaluation ; fetal diagnosis ; Fetuses ; Gestational age ; Heart ; heterotaxy ; interrupted inferior vena cava ; left atrial isomerism ; Neonates ; Prenatal diagnosis ; Rhythm ; Ultrasonic imaging</subject><ispartof>Journal of clinical ultrasound, 2022-07, Vol.50 (6), p.795-802</ispartof><rights>2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c2839-f2d9e153ae3e2b9f7374272dc83db2c4574e64111295fcbf22e66c9135f06ea53</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c2839-f2d9e153ae3e2b9f7374272dc83db2c4574e64111295fcbf22e66c9135f06ea53</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-0280-8663 ; 0000-0002-2614-4411 ; 0000-0001-9026-0532 ; 0000-0003-1987-8465</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2Fjcu.23209$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2Fjcu.23209$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>315,782,786,1419,27931,27932,45581,45582</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35355279$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Babaoğlu, Kadir</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Doğan, Yasemin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Başar, Eviç Zeynep</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Usta, Emre</creatorcontrib><title>Prenatal diagnosis of hepatic interruption of the inferior vena cava with azygos/hemiazygos continuation without structural heart defects: A case series</title><title>Journal of clinical ultrasound</title><addtitle>J Clin Ultrasound</addtitle><description>Objectives
To describe fetal spectrum and echocardiographic characteristics of interrupted inferior vena cava (IIVC) with azygos/hemiazygous continuation without other structural heart defects and to evaluate its association with visceral heterotaxy and isomerism, extracardiac and genetic anomalies, and to review neonatal outcome.
Methods
This was a retrospective study of 14 fetuses with a confirmed diagnosis of IIVC with normal intracardiac anatomy. The following variables were collected; indication for referral, gestational age at diagnosis; associated isomerism and visceral heterotaxy, heart rhythm, genetic and extracardiac abnormalities, and fetal/neonatal outcome.
Results
Among 36 fetuses with IIVC, 14 cases (38.8%) had normal intracardiac anatomy. These IIVC cases correspond to 0.19% (14/7250) of all fetal cardiac examinations, and to 1.5% (14/922) of all cardiac abnormalities. Six patients had visceral abnormalities. Atrial appendage morphology was clearly depicted in three fetuses, both appendages were left. One fetus had bradyarrhythmia revealing atrial ectopic rhythm. Six fetuses did not have any concomitant cardiac or visceral abnormalities, therefore regarded as isolated. All babies were delivered at term with a good prognosis.
Conclusion
Our study has shown that almost half of the IIVC cases without intracardiac structural anomalies displayed other findings of isomerism while the other half was isolated benign vascular variant. Therefore, prenatal diagnosis of IIVC should prompt a comprehensive evaluation for cardiac, situs, and visceral anomalies. The outcome is favorable.
Isolated IIVC is an extremely rare vascular anomaly. The prevalence of IIVC with structurally normal heart was 0.16% in general population, it was 1.3% in fetuses with cardiac anomalies in our series. Heterotaxy may be found even in the absence of intracardiac anomaly in IIVC. IIVC not accompanied by cardiac anomalies are mostly asymptomatic, even cases with heterotaxy have a good prognosis. Prognosis of IIVC depends on accompanying anomalies, such as cardiac anomalies, heart block, biliary atresia, and intestinal malrotation.</description><subject>Abnormalities</subject><subject>Anatomy</subject><subject>Anomalies</subject><subject>Appendages</subject><subject>azygos continuation</subject><subject>Defects</subject><subject>Diagnosis</subject><subject>Evaluation</subject><subject>fetal diagnosis</subject><subject>Fetuses</subject><subject>Gestational age</subject><subject>Heart</subject><subject>heterotaxy</subject><subject>interrupted inferior vena cava</subject><subject>left atrial isomerism</subject><subject>Neonates</subject><subject>Prenatal diagnosis</subject><subject>Rhythm</subject><subject>Ultrasonic imaging</subject><issn>0091-2751</issn><issn>1097-0096</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp1kctq3DAUhkVJaaZJF3mBIMimXTijiyVb2YWhVwLtIlkbjXwUa_BYE10Spk_Sx60mTrso9GzO4fCdT4IfoTNKLikhbLkx-ZJxRtQrtKBENRUhSh6hRWm0Yo2gx-htjBtCiBRCvEHHXHAhWKMW6NePAJNOesS90_eTjy5ib_EAO52cwW5KEELeJeenwz4NUHYWgvMBP5ZLbPSjxk8uDVj_3N_7uBxg6-YRGz8lN2X9fH1gfE44ppBNyqE8OYAOCfdgwaR4ha-LLAKOxQ7xFL22eozw7qWfoLtPH29XX6qb75-_rq5vKsNarirLegVUcA0c2FrZhjc1a1hvWt6vmalFU4OsKaVMCWvWljGQ0ijKhSUStOAn6P3s3QX_kCGmbuuigXHUE_gcOyZr0QrZygN68Q-68TlM5XeFahVtm1KF-jBTJvgYA9huF9xWh31HSXeIqytxdc9xFfb8xZjXW-j_kn_yKcByBp7cCPv_m7pvq7tZ-RsRiaG2</recordid><startdate>202207</startdate><enddate>202207</enddate><creator>Babaoğlu, Kadir</creator><creator>Doğan, Yasemin</creator><creator>Başar, Eviç Zeynep</creator><creator>Usta, Emre</creator><general>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</general><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc</general><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M7Z</scope><scope>P64</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0280-8663</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2614-4411</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9026-0532</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1987-8465</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>202207</creationdate><title>Prenatal diagnosis of hepatic interruption of the inferior vena cava with azygos/hemiazygos continuation without structural heart defects: A case series</title><author>Babaoğlu, Kadir ; Doğan, Yasemin ; Başar, Eviç Zeynep ; Usta, Emre</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c2839-f2d9e153ae3e2b9f7374272dc83db2c4574e64111295fcbf22e66c9135f06ea53</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Abnormalities</topic><topic>Anatomy</topic><topic>Anomalies</topic><topic>Appendages</topic><topic>azygos continuation</topic><topic>Defects</topic><topic>Diagnosis</topic><topic>Evaluation</topic><topic>fetal diagnosis</topic><topic>Fetuses</topic><topic>Gestational age</topic><topic>Heart</topic><topic>heterotaxy</topic><topic>interrupted inferior vena cava</topic><topic>left atrial isomerism</topic><topic>Neonates</topic><topic>Prenatal diagnosis</topic><topic>Rhythm</topic><topic>Ultrasonic imaging</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Babaoğlu, Kadir</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Doğan, Yasemin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Başar, Eviç Zeynep</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Usta, Emre</creatorcontrib><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Technology Research Database</collection><collection>Engineering Research Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Biochemistry Abstracts 1</collection><collection>Biotechnology and BioEngineering Abstracts</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Journal of clinical ultrasound</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Babaoğlu, Kadir</au><au>Doğan, Yasemin</au><au>Başar, Eviç Zeynep</au><au>Usta, Emre</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Prenatal diagnosis of hepatic interruption of the inferior vena cava with azygos/hemiazygos continuation without structural heart defects: A case series</atitle><jtitle>Journal of clinical ultrasound</jtitle><addtitle>J Clin Ultrasound</addtitle><date>2022-07</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>50</volume><issue>6</issue><spage>795</spage><epage>802</epage><pages>795-802</pages><issn>0091-2751</issn><eissn>1097-0096</eissn><abstract>Objectives
To describe fetal spectrum and echocardiographic characteristics of interrupted inferior vena cava (IIVC) with azygos/hemiazygous continuation without other structural heart defects and to evaluate its association with visceral heterotaxy and isomerism, extracardiac and genetic anomalies, and to review neonatal outcome.
Methods
This was a retrospective study of 14 fetuses with a confirmed diagnosis of IIVC with normal intracardiac anatomy. The following variables were collected; indication for referral, gestational age at diagnosis; associated isomerism and visceral heterotaxy, heart rhythm, genetic and extracardiac abnormalities, and fetal/neonatal outcome.
Results
Among 36 fetuses with IIVC, 14 cases (38.8%) had normal intracardiac anatomy. These IIVC cases correspond to 0.19% (14/7250) of all fetal cardiac examinations, and to 1.5% (14/922) of all cardiac abnormalities. Six patients had visceral abnormalities. Atrial appendage morphology was clearly depicted in three fetuses, both appendages were left. One fetus had bradyarrhythmia revealing atrial ectopic rhythm. Six fetuses did not have any concomitant cardiac or visceral abnormalities, therefore regarded as isolated. All babies were delivered at term with a good prognosis.
Conclusion
Our study has shown that almost half of the IIVC cases without intracardiac structural anomalies displayed other findings of isomerism while the other half was isolated benign vascular variant. Therefore, prenatal diagnosis of IIVC should prompt a comprehensive evaluation for cardiac, situs, and visceral anomalies. The outcome is favorable.
Isolated IIVC is an extremely rare vascular anomaly. The prevalence of IIVC with structurally normal heart was 0.16% in general population, it was 1.3% in fetuses with cardiac anomalies in our series. Heterotaxy may be found even in the absence of intracardiac anomaly in IIVC. IIVC not accompanied by cardiac anomalies are mostly asymptomatic, even cases with heterotaxy have a good prognosis. Prognosis of IIVC depends on accompanying anomalies, such as cardiac anomalies, heart block, biliary atresia, and intestinal malrotation.</abstract><cop>Hoboken, USA</cop><pub>John Wiley & Sons, Inc</pub><pmid>35355279</pmid><doi>10.1002/jcu.23209</doi><tpages>8</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0280-8663</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2614-4411</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9026-0532</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1987-8465</orcidid></addata></record> |
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subjects | Abnormalities Anatomy Anomalies Appendages azygos continuation Defects Diagnosis Evaluation fetal diagnosis Fetuses Gestational age Heart heterotaxy interrupted inferior vena cava left atrial isomerism Neonates Prenatal diagnosis Rhythm Ultrasonic imaging |
title | Prenatal diagnosis of hepatic interruption of the inferior vena cava with azygos/hemiazygos continuation without structural heart defects: A case series |
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