Uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate induces dysfunction of vascular smooth muscle cells via integrin-β1/ERK signaling pathway

Background Protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) are reported to be one of the major culprits in chronic kidney disease–cardiovascular disease (CKD–CVD) development, yet its mechanism is not fully clear. Our previous study confirmed elevated expression of integrin-β1 (ITGβ1) in vascular smooth muscle...

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