Comprehensive analysis of 1R- and 2R-MYBs reveals novel genic and protein features, complex organisation, selective expansion and insights into evolutionary tendencies

Myeloblastosis (MYB) family, the largest plant transcription factor family, has been subcategorised based on the number and type of repeats in the MYB domain. In spite of several reports, evolution of MYB genes and repeats remains enigmatic. Brassicaceae members are endowed with complex genomes, including dysploidy because of its unique history with multiple rounds of polyploidisation, genomic fractionations and rearrangements. The present study is an attempt to gain insights into the complexities of MYB family diversity, understand impacts of genome evolution on gene families and develop an evolutionary framework to understand the origin of various subcategories of MYB gene family. We identified and analysed 1129 MYBs that included 1R-, 2R-, 3R- and atypical-MYBs across sixteen species representing protists, fungi, animals and plants and exclude MYB identified from Brassicaceae except Arabidopsis thaliana ; in addition, a total of 1137 2R-MYB genes from six Brassicaceae species were also analysed. Comparative analysis revealed predominance of 1R-MYBs in protists, fungi, animals and lower plants. Phylogenetic reconstruction and analysis of selection pressure suggested ancestral nature of R1-type repeat containing 1R-MYBs that might have undergone intragenic duplication to form multi-repeat MYBs. Distinct differences in gene structure between 1R-MYB and 2R-MYBs were observed regarding intron number, the ratio of gene length to coding DNA sequence (CDS) length and the length of exons encoding the MYB domain. Conserved as well as novel and lineage-specific intron phases were identified. Analyses of physicochemical properties revealed drastic differences indicating functional diversification in MYBs. Phylogenetic reconstruction of 1R- and 2R-MYB genes revealed a shared structure–function relationship in clades which was supported when transcriptome data was analysed in silico. Comparative genomics to study distribution pattern and mapping of 2R-MYBs revealed congruency and greater degree of synteny and collinearity among closely related species. Micro-synteny analysis of genomic segments revealed high conservation of genes that are immediately flanking the surrounding tandemly organised 2R-MYBs along with instances of local duplication, reorganisations and genome fractionation. In summary, polyploidy, dysploidy, reshuffling and genome fractionation were found to cause loss or gain of 2R-MYB genes. The findings need to be supported with functional validation to