Biomarkers in PTSD-susceptible and resistant veterans with war experience of more than ten years ago: FOCUS ON cortisol, thyroid hormones, testosterone and GABA

In the present study we measured the concentrations of cortisol, thyroid hormones, testosterone, and GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) in am blood plasma samples of combatants with an at least 10 year history of military psychological trauma (N = 74) divided in groups that either suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (N = 37) or are resistant (N = 37) as well as in a control group without traumatic experience in the anamnesis, (N = 34). PTSD symptoms were assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). The results show that the am blood cortisol levels of individuals that were exposed to war zone experiences irrespective susceptibility for or resistance to PTSD were significantly higher than the values observed in the controls. Testosterone levels in PTSD patients differed neither from that observed in PTSD resistant nor control groups. In the resistant group testosterone levels were however significantly higher than in controls. The level of all thyroid hormones did not differ between the study groups. GABA level was significantly lower in the PTSD group compared with healthy controls. In the resistant group blood GABA levels were not significantly different from either PTSD patients or controls. In conclusion, the current data show that cortisol and to some extent testosterone may serve as biomarker of war zone stress per se, even if trauma was experienced at least ten years before, rather than of only PTSD or resistance to PTSD. GABA, in contrast, can be considered a potential marker of the protracted nature of PTSD.