Tailored Management with Highly-Selective Diversion for Low Colorectal Anastomosis: Biochemical Postoperative Follow-Up and Long-Term Results from a Single-Institution Cohort

Background Defunctioning stoma (DS) can decrease the rate of symptomatic anastomotic leakage (AL). Since 2010, we have used tailored, highly selective DS management for low colorectal anastomosis (LCRA) . Methods In total, 433 rectal cancer patients underwent the same standardized procedure. Non-stoma (NS) management was used in patients with no surgical difficulties as well as good colonic preparation and quality of anastomoses. In all other cases, DS was used. C-reactive protein was measured during postoperative follow-up. Imbalance in the initial population was adjusted using propensity-score matching according to sex, age, body mass index, tumor location, and American Society of Anesthesiologists score. Rate of AL within 30 days, 5-year overall survival, local relapse-free survival, and disease-free survival were recorded. Results Anastomosis was mostly ultra-low and was performed equally by laparoscopy or robotic surgery. The overall rate of AL was 13.4%, with no significant differences between groups (DS, 12.2%; NS, 14.6%; p = 0.575). Operative time, blood loss, and hospital stay were significantly lower for NS patients. The rate of secondary stoma was 11.4% overall. Pathological results were similar, with a 98% R0 resection rate. With a median follow-up of 5.5 years for the NS and DS groups, the overall survival was 84.9% and 73.4%, respectively ( p = 0.064), disease-free survival was 67.0% and 55.8%, respectively ( p = 0.095), and local relapse-free survival was 95.2% and 88.7%, respectively ( p = 0.084). The long-term, stoma-free rate was 89.1% overall. Conclusions Tailoring DS for LCRA seems safe and could provide potential benefits in postoperative morbidity with the same long-term oncological results in NS patients. Prospective, multicentric studies should validate this approach.