HIV self‐testing and repeat testing in pregnancy and postpartum in Northern Nigeria
Objective Incident HIV infections in pregnant and breastfeeding mothers pose significant challenges to prevention of mother‐to‐child HIV transmission efforts in sub‐Saharan Africa. We identified the predictors of willingness to self‐test for HIV when retesting in pregnancy and postpartum among anten...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Tropical medicine & international health 2022-01, Vol.27 (1), p.110-119 |
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| creator | Iliyasu, Zubairu Galadanci, Hadiza S. Musa, Abubakar H. Iliyasu, Bilkisu Z. Nass, Nafisa S. Garba, Rayyan M. Jibo, Abubakar M. Okekenwa, Sonia C. Salihu, Hamisu M. Aliyu, Muktar H. |
| description | Objective
Incident HIV infections in pregnant and breastfeeding mothers pose significant challenges to prevention of mother‐to‐child HIV transmission efforts in sub‐Saharan Africa. We identified the predictors of willingness to self‐test for HIV when retesting in pregnancy and postpartum among antenatal clients in a tertiary hospital in Northern Nigeria.
Methods
Structured and validated questionnaires were administered to a cross section of antenatal attendees (n = 370) in March 2021. Willingness to self‐test and adjusted odds ratios of potential predictors were generated from logistic regression models.
Results
Of the 317 respondents who agreed to repeat HIV test during pregnancy, 29.3% (n = 93) were willing to self‐test. Similarly, of those (n = 350) willing to retest after delivery, 27.4% (n = 96) were willing to self‐test. Willingness to self‐test during pregnancy was higher among respondents who were multiparous (2–4 births) (adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 2.40, 95% confidence interval CI, 1.14–6.43), employed (aOR = 1.49, 95% CI, 1.13–4.53) and those with at least secondary education (aOR = 2.96, 95% CI, 1.43–11.47). In contrast, willingness to self‐test was lower among those who were unaware of the husband's HIV status (aOR = 0.05, 95% CI, 0.02–0.13). Willingness to self‐test after delivery was higher among respondents who were married (aOR = 15.41, 95% CI, 3.04–78.2), multiparous (aOR = 2.01, 95% CI, 1.27–5.63), employed (aOR = 1.59, 95% CI, 1.08–2.35) and had at least to secondary education (aOR = 6.12, 95% CI, 1.36–27.47). In contrast, willingness to self‐test postpartum was lower among those who booked late (≥29 weeks) (aOR = 0.11, 95% CI, 0.022–0.52), those who were unaware of the risk of HIV transmission during breastfeeding (aOR = 0.29, 95% CI, 0.12–0.68) and participants who were unaware of the husband's HIV status (aOR = 0.076, 95% CI, 0.03–0.19).
Conclusion
Willingness to self‐test for HIV in pregnancy and postpartum was low in this population and was influenced by risk perception, socio‐demographic and obstetric attributes. Communication interventions and training of potential mentor mothers among early adopters could improve self‐testing in this group and similar settings. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1111/tmi.13705 |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2616593544</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2618797533</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3885-3288674442c9d46fc5161d4fb8d6ec8307f67d073da9aa4636959bed27a51f5c3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp1kL1OwzAUhS0EoqUw8AIoEgsMae34NyOqgFYqsLSslhs7JVX-sBOhbjwCz8iT4DYtAxJ3uVf3fDo6OgBcIjhEfkZNkQ0R5pAegT7CjIYYUXa8u2EYRZz1wJlzawghIZSdgh4msUCC0z5YTKavgTN5-v351RjXZOUqUKUOrKmNaoLDKyuD2ppVqcpks9PryjW1sk1bbLXnyjZvxvojWxmbqXNwkqrcmYv9HoDFw_18PAlnL4_T8d0sTLAQPmYkBOOEkCiJNWFpQhFDmqRLoZlJBIY8ZVxDjrWKlSIMs5jGS6MjrihKaYIH4KbzrW313vqssshcYvJclaZqnYwYYjTGlBCPXv9B11VrS59uSwkec4qxp247KrGVc9aksrZZoexGIii3XUvftdx17dmrvWO7LIz-JQ_lemDUAR9Zbjb_O8n507Sz_AGvFIhC</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2618797533</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>HIV self‐testing and repeat testing in pregnancy and postpartum in Northern Nigeria</title><source>Wiley Free Content</source><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><creator>Iliyasu, Zubairu ; Galadanci, Hadiza S. ; Musa, Abubakar H. ; Iliyasu, Bilkisu Z. ; Nass, Nafisa S. ; Garba, Rayyan M. ; Jibo, Abubakar M. ; Okekenwa, Sonia C. ; Salihu, Hamisu M. ; Aliyu, Muktar H.</creator><creatorcontrib>Iliyasu, Zubairu ; Galadanci, Hadiza S. ; Musa, Abubakar H. ; Iliyasu, Bilkisu Z. ; Nass, Nafisa S. ; Garba, Rayyan M. ; Jibo, Abubakar M. ; Okekenwa, Sonia C. ; Salihu, Hamisu M. ; Aliyu, Muktar H.</creatorcontrib><description>Objective
Incident HIV infections in pregnant and breastfeeding mothers pose significant challenges to prevention of mother‐to‐child HIV transmission efforts in sub‐Saharan Africa. We identified the predictors of willingness to self‐test for HIV when retesting in pregnancy and postpartum among antenatal clients in a tertiary hospital in Northern Nigeria.
Methods
Structured and validated questionnaires were administered to a cross section of antenatal attendees (n = 370) in March 2021. Willingness to self‐test and adjusted odds ratios of potential predictors were generated from logistic regression models.
Results
Of the 317 respondents who agreed to repeat HIV test during pregnancy, 29.3% (n = 93) were willing to self‐test. Similarly, of those (n = 350) willing to retest after delivery, 27.4% (n = 96) were willing to self‐test. Willingness to self‐test during pregnancy was higher among respondents who were multiparous (2–4 births) (adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 2.40, 95% confidence interval CI, 1.14–6.43), employed (aOR = 1.49, 95% CI, 1.13–4.53) and those with at least secondary education (aOR = 2.96, 95% CI, 1.43–11.47). In contrast, willingness to self‐test was lower among those who were unaware of the husband's HIV status (aOR = 0.05, 95% CI, 0.02–0.13). Willingness to self‐test after delivery was higher among respondents who were married (aOR = 15.41, 95% CI, 3.04–78.2), multiparous (aOR = 2.01, 95% CI, 1.27–5.63), employed (aOR = 1.59, 95% CI, 1.08–2.35) and had at least to secondary education (aOR = 6.12, 95% CI, 1.36–27.47). In contrast, willingness to self‐test postpartum was lower among those who booked late (≥29 weeks) (aOR = 0.11, 95% CI, 0.022–0.52), those who were unaware of the risk of HIV transmission during breastfeeding (aOR = 0.29, 95% CI, 0.12–0.68) and participants who were unaware of the husband's HIV status (aOR = 0.076, 95% CI, 0.03–0.19).
Conclusion
Willingness to self‐test for HIV in pregnancy and postpartum was low in this population and was influenced by risk perception, socio‐demographic and obstetric attributes. Communication interventions and training of potential mentor mothers among early adopters could improve self‐testing in this group and similar settings.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1360-2276</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1365-3156</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13705</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34981875</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><subject>Adult ; Breast feeding ; Breastfeeding & lactation ; Confidence intervals ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Disease transmission ; Education ; Female ; HIV ; HIV Infections - diagnosis ; HIV Infections - prevention & control ; HIV Infections - transmission ; HIV self‐testing ; HIV/AIDS ; Human immunodeficiency virus ; Humans ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical - prevention & control ; Middle Aged ; Nigeria ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care ; Postpartum ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - diagnosis ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - prevention & control ; Prenatal Care ; Regression analysis ; Regression models ; Risk perception ; Secondary education ; Self-Testing ; Statistical analysis ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Young Adult</subject><ispartof>Tropical medicine & international health, 2022-01, Vol.27 (1), p.110-119</ispartof><rights>2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd</rights><rights>2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.</rights><rights>2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3885-3288674442c9d46fc5161d4fb8d6ec8307f67d073da9aa4636959bed27a51f5c3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c3885-3288674442c9d46fc5161d4fb8d6ec8307f67d073da9aa4636959bed27a51f5c3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111%2Ftmi.13705$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111%2Ftmi.13705$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,1427,27901,27902,45550,45551,46384,46808</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34981875$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Iliyasu, Zubairu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Galadanci, Hadiza S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Musa, Abubakar H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Iliyasu, Bilkisu Z.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nass, Nafisa S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Garba, Rayyan M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jibo, Abubakar M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Okekenwa, Sonia C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Salihu, Hamisu M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aliyu, Muktar H.</creatorcontrib><title>HIV self‐testing and repeat testing in pregnancy and postpartum in Northern Nigeria</title><title>Tropical medicine & international health</title><addtitle>Trop Med Int Health</addtitle><description>Objective
Incident HIV infections in pregnant and breastfeeding mothers pose significant challenges to prevention of mother‐to‐child HIV transmission efforts in sub‐Saharan Africa. We identified the predictors of willingness to self‐test for HIV when retesting in pregnancy and postpartum among antenatal clients in a tertiary hospital in Northern Nigeria.
Methods
Structured and validated questionnaires were administered to a cross section of antenatal attendees (n = 370) in March 2021. Willingness to self‐test and adjusted odds ratios of potential predictors were generated from logistic regression models.
Results
Of the 317 respondents who agreed to repeat HIV test during pregnancy, 29.3% (n = 93) were willing to self‐test. Similarly, of those (n = 350) willing to retest after delivery, 27.4% (n = 96) were willing to self‐test. Willingness to self‐test during pregnancy was higher among respondents who were multiparous (2–4 births) (adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 2.40, 95% confidence interval CI, 1.14–6.43), employed (aOR = 1.49, 95% CI, 1.13–4.53) and those with at least secondary education (aOR = 2.96, 95% CI, 1.43–11.47). In contrast, willingness to self‐test was lower among those who were unaware of the husband's HIV status (aOR = 0.05, 95% CI, 0.02–0.13). Willingness to self‐test after delivery was higher among respondents who were married (aOR = 15.41, 95% CI, 3.04–78.2), multiparous (aOR = 2.01, 95% CI, 1.27–5.63), employed (aOR = 1.59, 95% CI, 1.08–2.35) and had at least to secondary education (aOR = 6.12, 95% CI, 1.36–27.47). In contrast, willingness to self‐test postpartum was lower among those who booked late (≥29 weeks) (aOR = 0.11, 95% CI, 0.022–0.52), those who were unaware of the risk of HIV transmission during breastfeeding (aOR = 0.29, 95% CI, 0.12–0.68) and participants who were unaware of the husband's HIV status (aOR = 0.076, 95% CI, 0.03–0.19).
Conclusion
Willingness to self‐test for HIV in pregnancy and postpartum was low in this population and was influenced by risk perception, socio‐demographic and obstetric attributes. Communication interventions and training of potential mentor mothers among early adopters could improve self‐testing in this group and similar settings.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Breast feeding</subject><subject>Breastfeeding & lactation</subject><subject>Confidence intervals</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Disease transmission</subject><subject>Education</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>HIV</subject><subject>HIV Infections - diagnosis</subject><subject>HIV Infections - prevention & control</subject><subject>HIV Infections - transmission</subject><subject>HIV self‐testing</subject><subject>HIV/AIDS</subject><subject>Human immunodeficiency virus</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical - prevention & control</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Nigeria</subject><subject>Patient Acceptance of Health Care</subject><subject>Postpartum</subject><subject>Pregnancy</subject><subject>Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - diagnosis</subject><subject>Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - prevention & control</subject><subject>Prenatal Care</subject><subject>Regression analysis</subject><subject>Regression models</subject><subject>Risk perception</subject><subject>Secondary education</subject><subject>Self-Testing</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Surveys and Questionnaires</subject><subject>Tertiary Care Centers</subject><subject>Young Adult</subject><issn>1360-2276</issn><issn>1365-3156</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp1kL1OwzAUhS0EoqUw8AIoEgsMae34NyOqgFYqsLSslhs7JVX-sBOhbjwCz8iT4DYtAxJ3uVf3fDo6OgBcIjhEfkZNkQ0R5pAegT7CjIYYUXa8u2EYRZz1wJlzawghIZSdgh4msUCC0z5YTKavgTN5-v351RjXZOUqUKUOrKmNaoLDKyuD2ppVqcpks9PryjW1sk1bbLXnyjZvxvojWxmbqXNwkqrcmYv9HoDFw_18PAlnL4_T8d0sTLAQPmYkBOOEkCiJNWFpQhFDmqRLoZlJBIY8ZVxDjrWKlSIMs5jGS6MjrihKaYIH4KbzrW313vqssshcYvJclaZqnYwYYjTGlBCPXv9B11VrS59uSwkec4qxp247KrGVc9aksrZZoexGIii3XUvftdx17dmrvWO7LIz-JQ_lemDUAR9Zbjb_O8n507Sz_AGvFIhC</recordid><startdate>202201</startdate><enddate>202201</enddate><creator>Iliyasu, Zubairu</creator><creator>Galadanci, Hadiza S.</creator><creator>Musa, Abubakar H.</creator><creator>Iliyasu, Bilkisu Z.</creator><creator>Nass, Nafisa S.</creator><creator>Garba, Rayyan M.</creator><creator>Jibo, Abubakar M.</creator><creator>Okekenwa, Sonia C.</creator><creator>Salihu, Hamisu M.</creator><creator>Aliyu, Muktar H.</creator><general>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>202201</creationdate><title>HIV self‐testing and repeat testing in pregnancy and postpartum in Northern Nigeria</title><author>Iliyasu, Zubairu ; Galadanci, Hadiza S. ; Musa, Abubakar H. ; Iliyasu, Bilkisu Z. ; Nass, Nafisa S. ; Garba, Rayyan M. ; Jibo, Abubakar M. ; Okekenwa, Sonia C. ; Salihu, Hamisu M. ; Aliyu, Muktar H.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c3885-3288674442c9d46fc5161d4fb8d6ec8307f67d073da9aa4636959bed27a51f5c3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Breast feeding</topic><topic>Breastfeeding & lactation</topic><topic>Confidence intervals</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Disease transmission</topic><topic>Education</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>HIV</topic><topic>HIV Infections - diagnosis</topic><topic>HIV Infections - prevention & control</topic><topic>HIV Infections - transmission</topic><topic>HIV self‐testing</topic><topic>HIV/AIDS</topic><topic>Human immunodeficiency virus</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical - prevention & control</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Nigeria</topic><topic>Patient Acceptance of Health Care</topic><topic>Postpartum</topic><topic>Pregnancy</topic><topic>Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - diagnosis</topic><topic>Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - prevention & control</topic><topic>Prenatal Care</topic><topic>Regression analysis</topic><topic>Regression models</topic><topic>Risk perception</topic><topic>Secondary education</topic><topic>Self-Testing</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Surveys and Questionnaires</topic><topic>Tertiary Care Centers</topic><topic>Young Adult</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Iliyasu, Zubairu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Galadanci, Hadiza S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Musa, Abubakar H.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Iliyasu, Bilkisu Z.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nass, Nafisa S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Garba, Rayyan M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jibo, Abubakar M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Okekenwa, Sonia C.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Salihu, Hamisu M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aliyu, Muktar H.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Tropical medicine & international health</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Iliyasu, Zubairu</au><au>Galadanci, Hadiza S.</au><au>Musa, Abubakar H.</au><au>Iliyasu, Bilkisu Z.</au><au>Nass, Nafisa S.</au><au>Garba, Rayyan M.</au><au>Jibo, Abubakar M.</au><au>Okekenwa, Sonia C.</au><au>Salihu, Hamisu M.</au><au>Aliyu, Muktar H.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>HIV self‐testing and repeat testing in pregnancy and postpartum in Northern Nigeria</atitle><jtitle>Tropical medicine & international health</jtitle><addtitle>Trop Med Int Health</addtitle><date>2022-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>27</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>110</spage><epage>119</epage><pages>110-119</pages><issn>1360-2276</issn><eissn>1365-3156</eissn><abstract>Objective
Incident HIV infections in pregnant and breastfeeding mothers pose significant challenges to prevention of mother‐to‐child HIV transmission efforts in sub‐Saharan Africa. We identified the predictors of willingness to self‐test for HIV when retesting in pregnancy and postpartum among antenatal clients in a tertiary hospital in Northern Nigeria.
Methods
Structured and validated questionnaires were administered to a cross section of antenatal attendees (n = 370) in March 2021. Willingness to self‐test and adjusted odds ratios of potential predictors were generated from logistic regression models.
Results
Of the 317 respondents who agreed to repeat HIV test during pregnancy, 29.3% (n = 93) were willing to self‐test. Similarly, of those (n = 350) willing to retest after delivery, 27.4% (n = 96) were willing to self‐test. Willingness to self‐test during pregnancy was higher among respondents who were multiparous (2–4 births) (adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 2.40, 95% confidence interval CI, 1.14–6.43), employed (aOR = 1.49, 95% CI, 1.13–4.53) and those with at least secondary education (aOR = 2.96, 95% CI, 1.43–11.47). In contrast, willingness to self‐test was lower among those who were unaware of the husband's HIV status (aOR = 0.05, 95% CI, 0.02–0.13). Willingness to self‐test after delivery was higher among respondents who were married (aOR = 15.41, 95% CI, 3.04–78.2), multiparous (aOR = 2.01, 95% CI, 1.27–5.63), employed (aOR = 1.59, 95% CI, 1.08–2.35) and had at least to secondary education (aOR = 6.12, 95% CI, 1.36–27.47). In contrast, willingness to self‐test postpartum was lower among those who booked late (≥29 weeks) (aOR = 0.11, 95% CI, 0.022–0.52), those who were unaware of the risk of HIV transmission during breastfeeding (aOR = 0.29, 95% CI, 0.12–0.68) and participants who were unaware of the husband's HIV status (aOR = 0.076, 95% CI, 0.03–0.19).
Conclusion
Willingness to self‐test for HIV in pregnancy and postpartum was low in this population and was influenced by risk perception, socio‐demographic and obstetric attributes. Communication interventions and training of potential mentor mothers among early adopters could improve self‐testing in this group and similar settings.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</pub><pmid>34981875</pmid><doi>10.1111/tmi.13705</doi><tpages>10</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Tropical medicine & international health, 2022-01, Vol.27 (1), p.110-119 |
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| source | Wiley Free Content; MEDLINE; Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete; Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals |
| subjects | Adult Breast feeding Breastfeeding & lactation Confidence intervals Cross-Sectional Studies Disease transmission Education Female HIV HIV Infections - diagnosis HIV Infections - prevention & control HIV Infections - transmission HIV self‐testing HIV/AIDS Human immunodeficiency virus Humans Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical - prevention & control Middle Aged Nigeria Patient Acceptance of Health Care Postpartum Pregnancy Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - diagnosis Pregnancy Complications, Infectious - prevention & control Prenatal Care Regression analysis Regression models Risk perception Secondary education Self-Testing Statistical analysis Surveys and Questionnaires Tertiary Care Centers Young Adult |
| title | HIV self‐testing and repeat testing in pregnancy and postpartum in Northern Nigeria |
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