International harmonization of procedures for measuring and analyzing of vessel underwater radiated noise
The habitat of the endangered southern resident killer whale (SRKW) overlaps major international shipping lanes near the Port of Vancouver, British Columbia. Shipping is a dominant source of underwater noise, which can hinder SRKW key life functions. To reduce environmental pressure on the SRKWs, Va...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Marine pollution bulletin 2022-01, Vol.174, p.113124-113124, Article 113124 |
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| container_title | Marine pollution bulletin |
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| creator | Ainslie, Michael A. Martin, S. Bruce Trounce, Krista B. Hannay, David E. Eickmeier, Justin M. Deveau, Terry J. Lucke, Klaus MacGillivray, Alexander O. Nolet, Veronique Borys, Pablo |
| description | The habitat of the endangered southern resident killer whale (SRKW) overlaps major international shipping lanes near the Port of Vancouver, British Columbia. Shipping is a dominant source of underwater noise, which can hinder SRKW key life functions. To reduce environmental pressure on the SRKWs, Vancouver Fraser Port Authority offers incentives for quieter ships. However, the absence of a widely accepted underwater radiated noise (URN) measurement procedure hinders the determination of relative quietness. We review URN measurement procedures, summarizing results to date from two Canadian-led projects aimed at improving harmonization of shallow-water URN measurement procedures: One supports the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the development of a URN measurement standard; the other supports the alignment of URN measurement procedures developed by ship classification societies. Weaknesses in conventional shallow-water URN metrics are identified, and two alternative metrics proposed. Optimal shallow-water measurement geometry is identified.
•Numerical experiments help optimize geometry for measuring vessel underwater radiated noise (URN) in shallow water.•Recommended receiver location is at the seabed, at ranges up to 4 water depths.•The URN metric source level exhibits undesirable dependence on one's choice of nominal source depth.•The URN metric radiated noise level exhibits undesirable dependence on the measurement geometry.•An adjusted source level and adjusted radiated noise level are proposed to address the weaknesses in the conventional source level and radiated noise level. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113124 |
| format | Article |
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•Numerical experiments help optimize geometry for measuring vessel underwater radiated noise (URN) in shallow water.•Recommended receiver location is at the seabed, at ranges up to 4 water depths.•The URN metric source level exhibits undesirable dependence on one's choice of nominal source depth.•The URN metric radiated noise level exhibits undesirable dependence on the measurement geometry.•An adjusted source level and adjusted radiated noise level are proposed to address the weaknesses in the conventional source level and radiated noise level.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0025-326X</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1879-3363</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113124</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34915419</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>England: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Adjusted radiated noise level ; Adjusted source level ; Animals ; British Columbia ; Ecosystem ; Identification ; Incentives ; International Organization for Standardization ; Marine mammals ; Measurement ; Noise ; Noise measurement ; Noise reduction ; Procedures ; Quiet ship notation ; Radiated noise level ; Shallow water ; Ship classification societies ; Shipping ; Shipping lanes ; Ships ; Source level ; Standardization ; Surface ship ; Underwater habitats ; Underwater noise ; Vessel underwater radiated noise ; Water measurement ; Whale, Killer</subject><ispartof>Marine pollution bulletin, 2022-01, Vol.174, p.113124-113124, Article 113124</ispartof><rights>2022 The Authors</rights><rights>Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier Ltd.</rights><rights>Copyright Elsevier BV Jan 2022</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c448t-3c748e8e827f734b775b9019a000a31f807e76d55ef7f58ff84273447faf94333</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c448t-3c748e8e827f734b775b9019a000a31f807e76d55ef7f58ff84273447faf94333</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113124$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,3548,27922,27923,45993</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34915419$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ainslie, Michael A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Martin, S. Bruce</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Trounce, Krista B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hannay, David E.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Eickmeier, Justin M.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Deveau, Terry J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Lucke, Klaus</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>MacGillivray, Alexander O.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nolet, Veronique</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Borys, Pablo</creatorcontrib><title>International harmonization of procedures for measuring and analyzing of vessel underwater radiated noise</title><title>Marine pollution bulletin</title><addtitle>Mar Pollut Bull</addtitle><description>The habitat of the endangered southern resident killer whale (SRKW) overlaps major international shipping lanes near the Port of Vancouver, British Columbia. Shipping is a dominant source of underwater noise, which can hinder SRKW key life functions. To reduce environmental pressure on the SRKWs, Vancouver Fraser Port Authority offers incentives for quieter ships. However, the absence of a widely accepted underwater radiated noise (URN) measurement procedure hinders the determination of relative quietness. We review URN measurement procedures, summarizing results to date from two Canadian-led projects aimed at improving harmonization of shallow-water URN measurement procedures: One supports the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the development of a URN measurement standard; the other supports the alignment of URN measurement procedures developed by ship classification societies. Weaknesses in conventional shallow-water URN metrics are identified, and two alternative metrics proposed. Optimal shallow-water measurement geometry is identified.
•Numerical experiments help optimize geometry for measuring vessel underwater radiated noise (URN) in shallow water.•Recommended receiver location is at the seabed, at ranges up to 4 water depths.•The URN metric source level exhibits undesirable dependence on one's choice of nominal source depth.•The URN metric radiated noise level exhibits undesirable dependence on the measurement geometry.•An adjusted source level and adjusted radiated noise level are proposed to address the weaknesses in the conventional source level and radiated noise level.</description><subject>Adjusted radiated noise level</subject><subject>Adjusted source level</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>British Columbia</subject><subject>Ecosystem</subject><subject>Identification</subject><subject>Incentives</subject><subject>International Organization for Standardization</subject><subject>Marine mammals</subject><subject>Measurement</subject><subject>Noise</subject><subject>Noise measurement</subject><subject>Noise reduction</subject><subject>Procedures</subject><subject>Quiet ship notation</subject><subject>Radiated noise level</subject><subject>Shallow water</subject><subject>Ship classification societies</subject><subject>Shipping</subject><subject>Shipping lanes</subject><subject>Ships</subject><subject>Source level</subject><subject>Standardization</subject><subject>Surface ship</subject><subject>Underwater habitats</subject><subject>Underwater noise</subject><subject>Vessel underwater radiated noise</subject><subject>Water measurement</subject><subject>Whale, Killer</subject><issn>0025-326X</issn><issn>1879-3363</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2022</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqFkU9P3DAQxa2qqGxpv0JriQuXLP6XODkiBBQJiQuVerO8ybj1yrEXOwHBp2fSpRy4VJZlj_SbN6P3CPnO2Zoz3pxu16PNuxQ2c1gLJviac8mF-kBWvNVdJWUjP5IVY6KupGh-HZLPpWwZY1po_okcStXxWvFuRfx1nCBHO_kUbaB_bB5T9M9_a5oc3eXUwzBnKNSlTEewZc4-_qY2DnhteHpeKiQfoBQIdI4D5EeLojTbweNnoDH5Al_IgbOhwNfX94j8vLy4O_9R3dxeXZ-f3VS9Uu1UyV6rFvAI7bRUG63rTcd4Z3F7K7lrmQbdDHUNTru6da5VAjmlnXWdklIekZO9Lq5-P0OZzOhLDyHYCGkuRjScNzV2tIgev0O3aUYzwkLJjskFRUrvqT6nUjI4s8se7X8ynJklDbM1b2mYJQ2zTwM7v73qz5sRhre-f_YjcLYHAA158JBN6T1EdNxn6CczJP_fIS9KM6Bx</recordid><startdate>202201</startdate><enddate>202201</enddate><creator>Ainslie, Michael A.</creator><creator>Martin, S. 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Bruce ; Trounce, Krista B. ; Hannay, David E. ; Eickmeier, Justin M. ; Deveau, Terry J. ; Lucke, Klaus ; MacGillivray, Alexander O. ; Nolet, Veronique ; Borys, Pablo</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c448t-3c748e8e827f734b775b9019a000a31f807e76d55ef7f58ff84273447faf94333</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2022</creationdate><topic>Adjusted radiated noise level</topic><topic>Adjusted source level</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>British Columbia</topic><topic>Ecosystem</topic><topic>Identification</topic><topic>Incentives</topic><topic>International Organization for Standardization</topic><topic>Marine mammals</topic><topic>Measurement</topic><topic>Noise</topic><topic>Noise measurement</topic><topic>Noise reduction</topic><topic>Procedures</topic><topic>Quiet ship notation</topic><topic>Radiated noise level</topic><topic>Shallow water</topic><topic>Ship classification societies</topic><topic>Shipping</topic><topic>Shipping lanes</topic><topic>Ships</topic><topic>Source level</topic><topic>Standardization</topic><topic>Surface ship</topic><topic>Underwater habitats</topic><topic>Underwater noise</topic><topic>Vessel underwater radiated noise</topic><topic>Water measurement</topic><topic>Whale, Killer</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ainslie, Michael A.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Martin, S. 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Bruce</au><au>Trounce, Krista B.</au><au>Hannay, David E.</au><au>Eickmeier, Justin M.</au><au>Deveau, Terry J.</au><au>Lucke, Klaus</au><au>MacGillivray, Alexander O.</au><au>Nolet, Veronique</au><au>Borys, Pablo</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>International harmonization of procedures for measuring and analyzing of vessel underwater radiated noise</atitle><jtitle>Marine pollution bulletin</jtitle><addtitle>Mar Pollut Bull</addtitle><date>2022-01</date><risdate>2022</risdate><volume>174</volume><spage>113124</spage><epage>113124</epage><pages>113124-113124</pages><artnum>113124</artnum><issn>0025-326X</issn><eissn>1879-3363</eissn><abstract>The habitat of the endangered southern resident killer whale (SRKW) overlaps major international shipping lanes near the Port of Vancouver, British Columbia. Shipping is a dominant source of underwater noise, which can hinder SRKW key life functions. To reduce environmental pressure on the SRKWs, Vancouver Fraser Port Authority offers incentives for quieter ships. However, the absence of a widely accepted underwater radiated noise (URN) measurement procedure hinders the determination of relative quietness. We review URN measurement procedures, summarizing results to date from two Canadian-led projects aimed at improving harmonization of shallow-water URN measurement procedures: One supports the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in the development of a URN measurement standard; the other supports the alignment of URN measurement procedures developed by ship classification societies. Weaknesses in conventional shallow-water URN metrics are identified, and two alternative metrics proposed. Optimal shallow-water measurement geometry is identified.
•Numerical experiments help optimize geometry for measuring vessel underwater radiated noise (URN) in shallow water.•Recommended receiver location is at the seabed, at ranges up to 4 water depths.•The URN metric source level exhibits undesirable dependence on one's choice of nominal source depth.•The URN metric radiated noise level exhibits undesirable dependence on the measurement geometry.•An adjusted source level and adjusted radiated noise level are proposed to address the weaknesses in the conventional source level and radiated noise level.</abstract><cop>England</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>34915419</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113124</doi><tpages>1</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Adjusted radiated noise level Adjusted source level Animals British Columbia Ecosystem Identification Incentives International Organization for Standardization Marine mammals Measurement Noise Noise measurement Noise reduction Procedures Quiet ship notation Radiated noise level Shallow water Ship classification societies Shipping Shipping lanes Ships Source level Standardization Surface ship Underwater habitats Underwater noise Vessel underwater radiated noise Water measurement Whale, Killer |
| title | International harmonization of procedures for measuring and analyzing of vessel underwater radiated noise |
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