Neonatal compartment syndrome

Neonatal compartment syndrome is a rare entity, with 60 patients in 26 studies reported so far.1 Multiple aetiologies that have been hypothesised for the same, including compound presentation, oligohydramnios, amniotic band syndrome and thromboembolic events2–5 and an association with thrombophilia and perinatal ischaemic stroke.6–8 The sequelae–Volkmann’s syndrome, or Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture, is well described in literature, with neuropathy, muscle loss and bone growth abnormalities leading to contractures and impaired function.9 The diagnosis of compartment syndrome in a neonate is clinical and requires urgent operative intervention. Release of pressure as soon as possible can lead to improved muscle blood flow and improved function.11 Salvage of a functional limb is dependent on early recognition, appropriate referral and treatment intervention in the form of decompressive fasciotomy. Learning points A sentinel lesion and clinical findings of a swollen hand with decreased blood flow must alert the clinician to the possibility of compartment syndrome.