Emergence of West Nile Virus Lineage-2 in Resident Corvids in Istanbul, Turkey
West Nile fever is a vector-borne viral disease affecting animals and humans causing significant health and economic problems globally. This study was aimed at investigating circulating West Nile virus (WNV) strains in free-ranging corvids in Istanbul, Turkey. Brain, liver, and kidney were collected...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.) N.Y.), 2021-11, Vol.21 (11), p.892-899 |
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| creator | Erdogan Bamac, Ozge Cizmecigil, Utku Y Mete, Asli Yilmaz, Aysun Aydin, Ozge Tali, Hasan E Tali, Besim H Yilmaz, Semaha G Gurel, Aydin Turan, Nuri Ozsoy, Serhat Vatansever Celik, Ezgi Sadeyen, Jean-Remy Roman-Sosa, Gleyder Iqbal, Munir Richt, Juergen A Yilmaz, Huseyin |
| description | West Nile fever is a vector-borne viral disease affecting animals and humans causing significant health and economic problems globally. This study was aimed at investigating circulating West Nile virus (WNV) strains in free-ranging corvids in Istanbul, Turkey. Brain, liver, and kidney were collected from corvids (
n
= 34) between June 2019 and April 2020 and analyzed for the presence of WNV-specific RNA by quantitative RT-PCR. In addition, histopathologic and immunohistochemical examinations were also performed. Samples found to be positive by qRT-PCR were partially sequenced. WNV-specific RNA was detected in 8 of 34 corvids analyzed, which included 7 hooded crows (
Corvus cornix
) and 1 Eurasian magpie (
Pica pica
). Phylogenetic analysis based on partial WNV sequences from the 8 WNV-positive corvids identified in this study revealed that all sequences clustered within the WNV lineage-2; they were at least 97% homologues to WNV lineage-2 sequences from Slovakia, Italy, Czechia, Hungary, Senegal, Austria, Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, and Germany. WNV sequences showed a divergence (87.94–94.46%) from sequences reported from Romania, Central African Republic, South Africa, Madagascar, Israel, and Cyprus, which clustered into a different clade of WNV lineage-2. Common histopathologic findings of WNV-positive corvids included lymphoplasmacytic hepatitis, myocarditis, and splenitis. The liver and heart were found to be the tissues most consistently positive for WNV-specific antigen by immunohistochemistry, followed by the kidney and brain. This study demonstrates for the first time the existence of WNV virus belonging to the genetic lineage-2 in resident corvids in Istanbul, Turkey. We hypothesize that the WNV strains circulating in Istanbul are possibly the result of a spillover event from Europe. Since WNV is a zoonotic pathogen transmitted by mosquito vectors, the emergence of WNV in Istanbul also poses a risk to humans and other susceptible animals in this densely populated city and needs to be addressed by animal and public health authorities. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1089/vbz.2021.0010 |
| format | Article |
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n
= 34) between June 2019 and April 2020 and analyzed for the presence of WNV-specific RNA by quantitative RT-PCR. In addition, histopathologic and immunohistochemical examinations were also performed. Samples found to be positive by qRT-PCR were partially sequenced. WNV-specific RNA was detected in 8 of 34 corvids analyzed, which included 7 hooded crows (
Corvus cornix
) and 1 Eurasian magpie (
Pica pica
). Phylogenetic analysis based on partial WNV sequences from the 8 WNV-positive corvids identified in this study revealed that all sequences clustered within the WNV lineage-2; they were at least 97% homologues to WNV lineage-2 sequences from Slovakia, Italy, Czechia, Hungary, Senegal, Austria, Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, and Germany. WNV sequences showed a divergence (87.94–94.46%) from sequences reported from Romania, Central African Republic, South Africa, Madagascar, Israel, and Cyprus, which clustered into a different clade of WNV lineage-2. Common histopathologic findings of WNV-positive corvids included lymphoplasmacytic hepatitis, myocarditis, and splenitis. The liver and heart were found to be the tissues most consistently positive for WNV-specific antigen by immunohistochemistry, followed by the kidney and brain. This study demonstrates for the first time the existence of WNV virus belonging to the genetic lineage-2 in resident corvids in Istanbul, Turkey. We hypothesize that the WNV strains circulating in Istanbul are possibly the result of a spillover event from Europe. Since WNV is a zoonotic pathogen transmitted by mosquito vectors, the emergence of WNV in Istanbul also poses a risk to humans and other susceptible animals in this densely populated city and needs to be addressed by animal and public health authorities.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1530-3667</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1557-7759</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0010</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34748405</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers</publisher><subject>Animal diseases ; Animals ; Antigens ; Brain ; Divergence ; Fever ; Heart diseases ; Hepatitis ; Homology ; Immunohistochemistry ; Kidneys ; Liver ; Myocarditis ; Original Articles ; Phylogeny ; Polymerase chain reaction ; Population density ; Public health ; Ribonucleic acid ; RNA ; Serbia ; Strains (organisms) ; Turkey - epidemiology ; Vector-borne diseases ; Vectors ; Viral diseases ; Viruses ; West Nile Fever - epidemiology ; West Nile Fever - veterinary ; West Nile virus ; West Nile virus - genetics</subject><ispartof>Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.), 2021-11, Vol.21 (11), p.892-899</ispartof><rights>2021, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers</rights><rights>Copyright Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Nov 2021</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c321t-ccc478dc2c0225ffed6c67933dc46d3f7b7576013242e785bedda596acb711023</cites><orcidid>0000-0002-0352-4841</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34748405$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Erdogan Bamac, Ozge</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cizmecigil, Utku Y</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mete, Asli</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yilmaz, Aysun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aydin, Ozge</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tali, Hasan E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tali, Besim H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yilmaz, Semaha G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gurel, Aydin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Turan, Nuri</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ozsoy, Serhat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vatansever Celik, Ezgi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sadeyen, Jean-Remy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Roman-Sosa, Gleyder</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Iqbal, Munir</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Richt, Juergen A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yilmaz, Huseyin</creatorcontrib><title>Emergence of West Nile Virus Lineage-2 in Resident Corvids in Istanbul, Turkey</title><title>Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)</title><addtitle>Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis</addtitle><description>West Nile fever is a vector-borne viral disease affecting animals and humans causing significant health and economic problems globally. This study was aimed at investigating circulating West Nile virus (WNV) strains in free-ranging corvids in Istanbul, Turkey. Brain, liver, and kidney were collected from corvids (
n
= 34) between June 2019 and April 2020 and analyzed for the presence of WNV-specific RNA by quantitative RT-PCR. In addition, histopathologic and immunohistochemical examinations were also performed. Samples found to be positive by qRT-PCR were partially sequenced. WNV-specific RNA was detected in 8 of 34 corvids analyzed, which included 7 hooded crows (
Corvus cornix
) and 1 Eurasian magpie (
Pica pica
). Phylogenetic analysis based on partial WNV sequences from the 8 WNV-positive corvids identified in this study revealed that all sequences clustered within the WNV lineage-2; they were at least 97% homologues to WNV lineage-2 sequences from Slovakia, Italy, Czechia, Hungary, Senegal, Austria, Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, and Germany. WNV sequences showed a divergence (87.94–94.46%) from sequences reported from Romania, Central African Republic, South Africa, Madagascar, Israel, and Cyprus, which clustered into a different clade of WNV lineage-2. Common histopathologic findings of WNV-positive corvids included lymphoplasmacytic hepatitis, myocarditis, and splenitis. The liver and heart were found to be the tissues most consistently positive for WNV-specific antigen by immunohistochemistry, followed by the kidney and brain. This study demonstrates for the first time the existence of WNV virus belonging to the genetic lineage-2 in resident corvids in Istanbul, Turkey. We hypothesize that the WNV strains circulating in Istanbul are possibly the result of a spillover event from Europe. Since WNV is a zoonotic pathogen transmitted by mosquito vectors, the emergence of WNV in Istanbul also poses a risk to humans and other susceptible animals in this densely populated city and needs to be addressed by animal and public health authorities.</description><subject>Animal diseases</subject><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Antigens</subject><subject>Brain</subject><subject>Divergence</subject><subject>Fever</subject><subject>Heart diseases</subject><subject>Hepatitis</subject><subject>Homology</subject><subject>Immunohistochemistry</subject><subject>Kidneys</subject><subject>Liver</subject><subject>Myocarditis</subject><subject>Original Articles</subject><subject>Phylogeny</subject><subject>Polymerase chain reaction</subject><subject>Population density</subject><subject>Public health</subject><subject>Ribonucleic acid</subject><subject>RNA</subject><subject>Serbia</subject><subject>Strains (organisms)</subject><subject>Turkey - epidemiology</subject><subject>Vector-borne diseases</subject><subject>Vectors</subject><subject>Viral diseases</subject><subject>Viruses</subject><subject>West Nile Fever - epidemiology</subject><subject>West Nile Fever - veterinary</subject><subject>West Nile virus</subject><subject>West Nile virus - genetics</subject><issn>1530-3667</issn><issn>1557-7759</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNqF0MtLxDAQBvAgiq6Po1cJePFg1zyb9ijL-oBlBfFxDG0ylWibrkkrrH-9LasevHiaYfjxMXwIHVMypSTLLz7KzykjjE4JoWQLTaiUKlFK5tvjzknC01Ttof0YX8nAMip30R4XSmSCyAlazhsIL-AN4LbCzxA7vHQ14CcX-ogXzkPxAgnDzuN7iM6C7_CsDR_OxvF2G7vCl319jh_68AbrQ7RTFXWEo-95gB6v5g-zm2Rxd307u1wkhjPaJcYYoTJrmCGMyaoCm5pU5ZxbI1LLK1UqqVJCORMMVCZLsLaQeVqYUlFKGD9AZ5vcVWjf--Fr3bhooK4LD20fNZO5lFIQmg_09A99bfvgh-9GlTEhOM0GlWyUCW2MASq9Cq4pwlpTosei9VC0HovWY9GDP_lO7csG7K_-aXYAfAPGc-F97aCE0P0T-wWkgIg4</recordid><startdate>20211101</startdate><enddate>20211101</enddate><creator>Erdogan Bamac, Ozge</creator><creator>Cizmecigil, Utku Y</creator><creator>Mete, Asli</creator><creator>Yilmaz, Aysun</creator><creator>Aydin, Ozge</creator><creator>Tali, Hasan E</creator><creator>Tali, Besim H</creator><creator>Yilmaz, Semaha G</creator><creator>Gurel, Aydin</creator><creator>Turan, Nuri</creator><creator>Ozsoy, Serhat</creator><creator>Vatansever Celik, Ezgi</creator><creator>Sadeyen, Jean-Remy</creator><creator>Roman-Sosa, Gleyder</creator><creator>Iqbal, Munir</creator><creator>Richt, Juergen A</creator><creator>Yilmaz, Huseyin</creator><general>Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers</general><general>Mary Ann Liebert, Inc</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7SS</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>7X8</scope><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0352-4841</orcidid></search><sort><creationdate>20211101</creationdate><title>Emergence of West Nile Virus Lineage-2 in Resident Corvids in Istanbul, Turkey</title><author>Erdogan Bamac, Ozge ; Cizmecigil, Utku Y ; Mete, Asli ; Yilmaz, Aysun ; Aydin, Ozge ; Tali, Hasan E ; Tali, Besim H ; Yilmaz, Semaha G ; Gurel, Aydin ; Turan, Nuri ; Ozsoy, Serhat ; Vatansever Celik, Ezgi ; Sadeyen, Jean-Remy ; Roman-Sosa, Gleyder ; Iqbal, Munir ; Richt, Juergen A ; Yilmaz, Huseyin</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c321t-ccc478dc2c0225ffed6c67933dc46d3f7b7576013242e785bedda596acb711023</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Animal diseases</topic><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Antigens</topic><topic>Brain</topic><topic>Divergence</topic><topic>Fever</topic><topic>Heart diseases</topic><topic>Hepatitis</topic><topic>Homology</topic><topic>Immunohistochemistry</topic><topic>Kidneys</topic><topic>Liver</topic><topic>Myocarditis</topic><topic>Original Articles</topic><topic>Phylogeny</topic><topic>Polymerase chain reaction</topic><topic>Population density</topic><topic>Public health</topic><topic>Ribonucleic acid</topic><topic>RNA</topic><topic>Serbia</topic><topic>Strains (organisms)</topic><topic>Turkey - epidemiology</topic><topic>Vector-borne diseases</topic><topic>Vectors</topic><topic>Viral diseases</topic><topic>Viruses</topic><topic>West Nile Fever - epidemiology</topic><topic>West Nile Fever - veterinary</topic><topic>West Nile virus</topic><topic>West Nile virus - genetics</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Erdogan Bamac, Ozge</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Cizmecigil, Utku Y</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Mete, Asli</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yilmaz, Aysun</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Aydin, Ozge</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tali, Hasan E</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tali, Besim H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yilmaz, Semaha G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gurel, Aydin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Turan, Nuri</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ozsoy, Serhat</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Vatansever Celik, Ezgi</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sadeyen, Jean-Remy</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Roman-Sosa, Gleyder</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Iqbal, Munir</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Richt, Juergen A</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yilmaz, Huseyin</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Entomology Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Erdogan Bamac, Ozge</au><au>Cizmecigil, Utku Y</au><au>Mete, Asli</au><au>Yilmaz, Aysun</au><au>Aydin, Ozge</au><au>Tali, Hasan E</au><au>Tali, Besim H</au><au>Yilmaz, Semaha G</au><au>Gurel, Aydin</au><au>Turan, Nuri</au><au>Ozsoy, Serhat</au><au>Vatansever Celik, Ezgi</au><au>Sadeyen, Jean-Remy</au><au>Roman-Sosa, Gleyder</au><au>Iqbal, Munir</au><au>Richt, Juergen A</au><au>Yilmaz, Huseyin</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Emergence of West Nile Virus Lineage-2 in Resident Corvids in Istanbul, Turkey</atitle><jtitle>Vector borne and zoonotic diseases (Larchmont, N.Y.)</jtitle><addtitle>Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis</addtitle><date>2021-11-01</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>21</volume><issue>11</issue><spage>892</spage><epage>899</epage><pages>892-899</pages><issn>1530-3667</issn><eissn>1557-7759</eissn><abstract>West Nile fever is a vector-borne viral disease affecting animals and humans causing significant health and economic problems globally. This study was aimed at investigating circulating West Nile virus (WNV) strains in free-ranging corvids in Istanbul, Turkey. Brain, liver, and kidney were collected from corvids (
n
= 34) between June 2019 and April 2020 and analyzed for the presence of WNV-specific RNA by quantitative RT-PCR. In addition, histopathologic and immunohistochemical examinations were also performed. Samples found to be positive by qRT-PCR were partially sequenced. WNV-specific RNA was detected in 8 of 34 corvids analyzed, which included 7 hooded crows (
Corvus cornix
) and 1 Eurasian magpie (
Pica pica
). Phylogenetic analysis based on partial WNV sequences from the 8 WNV-positive corvids identified in this study revealed that all sequences clustered within the WNV lineage-2; they were at least 97% homologues to WNV lineage-2 sequences from Slovakia, Italy, Czechia, Hungary, Senegal, Austria, Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria, and Germany. WNV sequences showed a divergence (87.94–94.46%) from sequences reported from Romania, Central African Republic, South Africa, Madagascar, Israel, and Cyprus, which clustered into a different clade of WNV lineage-2. Common histopathologic findings of WNV-positive corvids included lymphoplasmacytic hepatitis, myocarditis, and splenitis. The liver and heart were found to be the tissues most consistently positive for WNV-specific antigen by immunohistochemistry, followed by the kidney and brain. This study demonstrates for the first time the existence of WNV virus belonging to the genetic lineage-2 in resident corvids in Istanbul, Turkey. We hypothesize that the WNV strains circulating in Istanbul are possibly the result of a spillover event from Europe. Since WNV is a zoonotic pathogen transmitted by mosquito vectors, the emergence of WNV in Istanbul also poses a risk to humans and other susceptible animals in this densely populated city and needs to be addressed by animal and public health authorities.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers</pub><pmid>34748405</pmid><doi>10.1089/vbz.2021.0010</doi><tpages>8</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0352-4841</orcidid></addata></record> |
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| subjects | Animal diseases Animals Antigens Brain Divergence Fever Heart diseases Hepatitis Homology Immunohistochemistry Kidneys Liver Myocarditis Original Articles Phylogeny Polymerase chain reaction Population density Public health Ribonucleic acid RNA Serbia Strains (organisms) Turkey - epidemiology Vector-borne diseases Vectors Viral diseases Viruses West Nile Fever - epidemiology West Nile Fever - veterinary West Nile virus West Nile virus - genetics |
| title | Emergence of West Nile Virus Lineage-2 in Resident Corvids in Istanbul, Turkey |
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