Access to a piped water supply is positively associated with haemoglobin levels in females living in rural Maharashtra State, India
There is a high prevalence of anaemia in individuals living in rural India, which may be modified by a number of environmental factors. The association between access to water, toileting facilities and healthcare services with the prevalence of anaemia was explored to determine potentially modifiabl...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Public health (London) 2021-12, Vol.201, p.8-11 |
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| description | There is a high prevalence of anaemia in individuals living in rural India, which may be modified by a number of environmental factors. The association between access to water, toileting facilities and healthcare services with the prevalence of anaemia was explored to determine potentially modifiable community-level risk factors.
This was a cross-sectional survey.
Data were collected from adolescent females (aged 13–17 years) living in 34 villages in rural areas of the Maharashtra state of India on measures of sanitation facilities and access to health care along with haemoglobin measurements. Linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate associations between environmental (community) factors and adolescent haemoglobin levels and anaemia, respectively.
Data were available from 1010 individuals, which represented a response rate of over 97% of those who were approached for the study. The prevalence of anaemia was very high (87%) when measured using haemoglobin levels. Access to a piped water supply was associated with 0.59 g/dL of increase in haemoglobin levels (95% confidence interval: 0.10–1.09). Associations between access to communal toilets, travel time to the hospital, health centres or nurses and haemoglobin levels or anaemia were not statistically significant.
Anaemia prevalence was very high in our study population. Simple improvements such as provision of regular piped water is associated with an increase in haemoglobin levels in rural Indian females. These are consistent with the hypothesis that chronic exposure to higher levels of microbes in the living environment contributes to the risk of anaemia. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.09.030 |
| format | Article |
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This was a cross-sectional survey.
Data were collected from adolescent females (aged 13–17 years) living in 34 villages in rural areas of the Maharashtra state of India on measures of sanitation facilities and access to health care along with haemoglobin measurements. Linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate associations between environmental (community) factors and adolescent haemoglobin levels and anaemia, respectively.
Data were available from 1010 individuals, which represented a response rate of over 97% of those who were approached for the study. The prevalence of anaemia was very high (87%) when measured using haemoglobin levels. Access to a piped water supply was associated with 0.59 g/dL of increase in haemoglobin levels (95% confidence interval: 0.10–1.09). Associations between access to communal toilets, travel time to the hospital, health centres or nurses and haemoglobin levels or anaemia were not statistically significant.
Anaemia prevalence was very high in our study population. Simple improvements such as provision of regular piped water is associated with an increase in haemoglobin levels in rural Indian females. These are consistent with the hypothesis that chronic exposure to higher levels of microbes in the living environment contributes to the risk of anaemia.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0033-3506</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1476-5616</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2021.09.030</identifier><identifier>PMID: 34742117</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Netherlands: Elsevier Ltd</publisher><subject>Adolescent ; Adolescent girls ; Adolescents ; Anaemia ; Anemia ; Chronic exposure ; Confidence intervals ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Design factors ; Design modifications ; Environmental aspects ; Environmental factors ; Female ; Females ; Haemoglobin ; Health care ; Health care access ; Health care facilities ; Health facilities ; Health services ; Hemoglobin ; Hemoglobins - analysis ; Humans ; India ; India - epidemiology ; Nurses ; Population studies ; Prevalence ; Regression analysis ; Response rates ; Risk analysis ; Risk factors ; Rural areas ; Rural communities ; Rural Population ; Sanitation ; Sanitation facilities ; Statistical analysis ; Toilets ; Travel time ; Villages ; Water Supply</subject><ispartof>Public health (London), 2021-12, Vol.201, p.8-11</ispartof><rights>2021 The Royal Society for Public Health</rights><rights>Copyright © 2021 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</rights><rights>Copyright Elsevier Science Ltd. Dec 2021</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c379t-2183bb12b12b987aa9c8c2c6ddd6eff1b68078bd878efd08d276bee053fc21bc3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2021.09.030$$EHTML$$P50$$Gelsevier$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,777,781,3537,27905,27906,30980,45976</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34742117$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Ahankari, A.S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tata, L.J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fogarty, A.W.</creatorcontrib><title>Access to a piped water supply is positively associated with haemoglobin levels in females living in rural Maharashtra State, India</title><title>Public health (London)</title><addtitle>Public Health</addtitle><description>There is a high prevalence of anaemia in individuals living in rural India, which may be modified by a number of environmental factors. The association between access to water, toileting facilities and healthcare services with the prevalence of anaemia was explored to determine potentially modifiable community-level risk factors.
This was a cross-sectional survey.
Data were collected from adolescent females (aged 13–17 years) living in 34 villages in rural areas of the Maharashtra state of India on measures of sanitation facilities and access to health care along with haemoglobin measurements. Linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate associations between environmental (community) factors and adolescent haemoglobin levels and anaemia, respectively.
Data were available from 1010 individuals, which represented a response rate of over 97% of those who were approached for the study. The prevalence of anaemia was very high (87%) when measured using haemoglobin levels. Access to a piped water supply was associated with 0.59 g/dL of increase in haemoglobin levels (95% confidence interval: 0.10–1.09). Associations between access to communal toilets, travel time to the hospital, health centres or nurses and haemoglobin levels or anaemia were not statistically significant.
Anaemia prevalence was very high in our study population. Simple improvements such as provision of regular piped water is associated with an increase in haemoglobin levels in rural Indian females. These are consistent with the hypothesis that chronic exposure to higher levels of microbes in the living environment contributes to the risk of anaemia.</description><subject>Adolescent</subject><subject>Adolescent girls</subject><subject>Adolescents</subject><subject>Anaemia</subject><subject>Anemia</subject><subject>Chronic exposure</subject><subject>Confidence intervals</subject><subject>Cross-Sectional Studies</subject><subject>Design factors</subject><subject>Design modifications</subject><subject>Environmental aspects</subject><subject>Environmental factors</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Females</subject><subject>Haemoglobin</subject><subject>Health care</subject><subject>Health care access</subject><subject>Health care facilities</subject><subject>Health facilities</subject><subject>Health services</subject><subject>Hemoglobin</subject><subject>Hemoglobins - analysis</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>India</subject><subject>India - epidemiology</subject><subject>Nurses</subject><subject>Population studies</subject><subject>Prevalence</subject><subject>Regression analysis</subject><subject>Response rates</subject><subject>Risk analysis</subject><subject>Risk factors</subject><subject>Rural areas</subject><subject>Rural communities</subject><subject>Rural Population</subject><subject>Sanitation</subject><subject>Sanitation facilities</subject><subject>Statistical analysis</subject><subject>Toilets</subject><subject>Travel time</subject><subject>Villages</subject><subject>Water Supply</subject><issn>0033-3506</issn><issn>1476-5616</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2021</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>7QJ</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kU2L1TAUhoMozp3RP-BCAm5cTGs-bpMW3AyDHwMjLtR1SJPTaS5tU3PaK7P2j5t6RxcuhMBJTp7zEPIS8oKzkjOu3hzKee2hFEzwkjUlk-wR2fG9VkWluHpMdoxJWciKqTNyjnhgjAktq6fkTO71XnCud-TnlXOASJdILZ3DDJ7-sAskius8D_c0IJ0jhiUcIZ8sYnQh32cqLD3tLYzxbohtmOgAGUGadx2MdgCkQziG6W7rpDXZgX6yvU0W-yVZ-mXJlkt6M_lgn5EnnR0Qnj_UC_Lt_buv1x-L288fbq6vbgsndbMUgteybbnYVlNraxtXO-GU915B1_FW1UzXra91DZ1ntRdatQCskp0TvHXygrw-eecUv6-AixkDOhgGO0Fc0Yiq2YtGS8ky-uof9BDXNOXXGaGEqLlsuMqUOFEuRcQEnZlTGG26N5yZLSJzMFtEZovIsMaw3-qXD-q1HcH_HfmTSQbenoD8nXAMkAy6AJMDHxK4xfgY_uf_BYHWpD4</recordid><startdate>202112</startdate><enddate>202112</enddate><creator>Ahankari, A.S.</creator><creator>Tata, L.J.</creator><creator>Fogarty, A.W.</creator><general>Elsevier Ltd</general><general>Elsevier Science Ltd</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7QJ</scope><scope>7QL</scope><scope>7T2</scope><scope>7U9</scope><scope>ASE</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>FPQ</scope><scope>H94</scope><scope>K6X</scope><scope>M7N</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>202112</creationdate><title>Access to a piped water supply is positively associated with haemoglobin levels in females living in rural Maharashtra State, India</title><author>Ahankari, A.S. ; Tata, L.J. ; Fogarty, A.W.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c379t-2183bb12b12b987aa9c8c2c6ddd6eff1b68078bd878efd08d276bee053fc21bc3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2021</creationdate><topic>Adolescent</topic><topic>Adolescent girls</topic><topic>Adolescents</topic><topic>Anaemia</topic><topic>Anemia</topic><topic>Chronic exposure</topic><topic>Confidence intervals</topic><topic>Cross-Sectional Studies</topic><topic>Design factors</topic><topic>Design modifications</topic><topic>Environmental aspects</topic><topic>Environmental factors</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Females</topic><topic>Haemoglobin</topic><topic>Health care</topic><topic>Health care access</topic><topic>Health care facilities</topic><topic>Health facilities</topic><topic>Health services</topic><topic>Hemoglobin</topic><topic>Hemoglobins - analysis</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>India</topic><topic>India - epidemiology</topic><topic>Nurses</topic><topic>Population studies</topic><topic>Prevalence</topic><topic>Regression analysis</topic><topic>Response rates</topic><topic>Risk analysis</topic><topic>Risk factors</topic><topic>Rural areas</topic><topic>Rural communities</topic><topic>Rural Population</topic><topic>Sanitation</topic><topic>Sanitation facilities</topic><topic>Statistical analysis</topic><topic>Toilets</topic><topic>Travel time</topic><topic>Villages</topic><topic>Water Supply</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Ahankari, A.S.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tata, L.J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Fogarty, A.W.</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA)</collection><collection>Bacteriology Abstracts (Microbiology B)</collection><collection>Health and Safety Science Abstracts (Full archive)</collection><collection>Virology and AIDS Abstracts</collection><collection>British Nursing Index</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>British Nursing Index (BNI) (1985 to Present)</collection><collection>AIDS and Cancer Research Abstracts</collection><collection>British Nursing Index</collection><collection>Algology Mycology and Protozoology Abstracts (Microbiology C)</collection><collection>Nursing & Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Public health (London)</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Ahankari, A.S.</au><au>Tata, L.J.</au><au>Fogarty, A.W.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Access to a piped water supply is positively associated with haemoglobin levels in females living in rural Maharashtra State, India</atitle><jtitle>Public health (London)</jtitle><addtitle>Public Health</addtitle><date>2021-12</date><risdate>2021</risdate><volume>201</volume><spage>8</spage><epage>11</epage><pages>8-11</pages><issn>0033-3506</issn><eissn>1476-5616</eissn><abstract>There is a high prevalence of anaemia in individuals living in rural India, which may be modified by a number of environmental factors. The association between access to water, toileting facilities and healthcare services with the prevalence of anaemia was explored to determine potentially modifiable community-level risk factors.
This was a cross-sectional survey.
Data were collected from adolescent females (aged 13–17 years) living in 34 villages in rural areas of the Maharashtra state of India on measures of sanitation facilities and access to health care along with haemoglobin measurements. Linear and logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate associations between environmental (community) factors and adolescent haemoglobin levels and anaemia, respectively.
Data were available from 1010 individuals, which represented a response rate of over 97% of those who were approached for the study. The prevalence of anaemia was very high (87%) when measured using haemoglobin levels. Access to a piped water supply was associated with 0.59 g/dL of increase in haemoglobin levels (95% confidence interval: 0.10–1.09). Associations between access to communal toilets, travel time to the hospital, health centres or nurses and haemoglobin levels or anaemia were not statistically significant.
Anaemia prevalence was very high in our study population. Simple improvements such as provision of regular piped water is associated with an increase in haemoglobin levels in rural Indian females. These are consistent with the hypothesis that chronic exposure to higher levels of microbes in the living environment contributes to the risk of anaemia.</abstract><cop>Netherlands</cop><pub>Elsevier Ltd</pub><pmid>34742117</pmid><doi>10.1016/j.puhe.2021.09.030</doi><tpages>4</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Public health (London), 2021-12, Vol.201, p.8-11 |
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| source | MEDLINE; Elsevier ScienceDirect Journals; Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA) |
| subjects | Adolescent Adolescent girls Adolescents Anaemia Anemia Chronic exposure Confidence intervals Cross-Sectional Studies Design factors Design modifications Environmental aspects Environmental factors Female Females Haemoglobin Health care Health care access Health care facilities Health facilities Health services Hemoglobin Hemoglobins - analysis Humans India India - epidemiology Nurses Population studies Prevalence Regression analysis Response rates Risk analysis Risk factors Rural areas Rural communities Rural Population Sanitation Sanitation facilities Statistical analysis Toilets Travel time Villages Water Supply |
| title | Access to a piped water supply is positively associated with haemoglobin levels in females living in rural Maharashtra State, India |
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