FT-like paralogs are repressed by an SVP protein during the floral transition in Phalaenopsis orchid

Key message An SVP protein, PhSVP, bound to the CArG-boxes in the promoter regions of FT -like paralogs and repressed their expression, thus affecting the floral transition in Phalaenopsis orchid . Phalaenopsis is an important ornamental flower native to tropical rain forests. It usually reaches vegetative maturity after 4–5 leaves and, after a juvenile stage, forms a flower spike (inflorescence) from the axillary buds. The PEBP gene family encodes a phosphatidyl-ethanolamine-binding protein (PEBP) domain involved in regulating flowering and other aspects of plant development. Here, we identified eight PEBP family genes in Phalaenopsis and detected the expression patterns of seven of them in various organs. Among them, PhFT1 ( Phalaenopsis hybrid FLOWERING LOCUS T1 ), PhFT3 , PhFT5 , and PhMFT ( Phalaenopsis hybrid MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1 ) promoted flowering in transgenic Arabidopsis , while PhFT6 inhibited flowering. PhSVP ( Phalaenopsis hybrid SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE), an SVP protein that repressed flowering in Arabidopsis , bound to the CArG-boxes in the promoter regions of PhFT3 , PhFT6 , and PhMFT in a yeast one-hybrid assay. Additionally, dual-luciferase and transient expression assays showed that PhSVP significantly inhibits the expression of both PhFT3 and PhFT6 . Together, our work provides a comprehensive understanding of the PhFT -like genes that can promote or repress flowering, and it suggests strategies for regulating the floral transition in Phalaenopsis that exploit the evolutionary versatility of PhFT s to respond to various signals stimuli.