Comparative study on antigen persistence and immunoprotective efficacy of intramuscular and intraperitoneal injections of squalene – aluminium hydroxide (Sq + Al) adjuvanted viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus vaccine in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

•Sq + Al-adjuvanted IV is a safe and non-invasive vaccine formulation.•The formulated vaccine can be delivered via either IP or IM route in olive flounder.•It showed persistency for 17–24 wpv at the injection site without causing side effects.•It provides both short- and long-term protective immunit...

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